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Physiological Psychology > Unit One > Flashcards

Unit One Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

Produce lesions

A

-Drill hole, place electrode
-More damage than chemical injection

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2
Q

Inject chemical

A

-Produce sham lesion

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3
Q

CAT

A

-X-ray to scan the brain from all angles
-Finds tumors or strokes

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4
Q

MRI

A

-Magnetic field and radio waves to produce picture slices
-More detail than CT
- Less temporal resoloution than PET

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5
Q

PET

A

-Neurochemical changes in the brain
-expensive + poor spacial resolution

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6
Q

FMRI

A

-Metabolic and chemical changes
-BOLD- blood oxygen level-dependent signal
- High spatial resolution

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7
Q

Microelectrodes

A

-Individual neurons permanently

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8
Q

Macroelectrodes

A

-regional neural activity

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9
Q

Central nervous system

A

-Brain
-Spinal cord

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10
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

-everything not the brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

(Top) Dendrites

A

-Receive information
-pines that increase surface area

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12
Q

(2nd)Soma

A

-Cell body
-Machinery for cell life

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13
Q

(3rd)Axon

A

-Carries information
-Often covered by myelin sheath

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14
Q

(Bottom)Terminal buttons

A

-Form synapses

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15
Q

Synapses

A

-Gaps between neurons where information is passed
-From button to dendrite

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16
Q

Multipolar

A

-One axon and multiple dendrites

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17
Q

Bipolar

A

-One axon at one end and one Dendrite at the other

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18
Q

Unipolar

A

-Branch extend into two directions, one end is dendrites, the other is an axon.

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19
Q

Interneuron

A

-Recieves input and sends out information to other neurons

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20
Q

Motorneuron

A

-Motor messages, stimulating a muscle or a gland

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21
Q

Sensory neuron

A

-takes messages from environment or skin to brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

Glial cells

A

-Astrocytes(c)
-Microglia (c)
-Oligodendrocytes (c)
- Schwann cells (p)

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23
Q

Astrocytes(c)

A

-Physical support(nerve glue)
-Formation of new synapses
-consume dead cells

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24
Q

Microglia(c)

A

-Immuno response to brain damage
-protect the brain from invading microorganisms

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25
Oligodendricytes(C)
-Produces LOTS of myelin sheaths -give axons nutrients
26
Schwann cells
-ok amount of myelin sheaths -digest dead and dying axons -axon regrowth
27
Communication within neurons: Action potential
-Electric -The brief, electrical message that provides the basis for the conduction of info along an axon
28
Communication between neurons: Neurotransmitters
-Chemical -Chemicals released from the presynaptic axon terminal/terminal buttons that serve as the basis of communication between neurons
29
Lipid bilayer
-Semi-permeable -transport molecules -different concentrations of ions inside and outside the cell
30
Anions
-Negative
31
Cations
-Positive
32
Inside the cell
-Organic Anions (A-), Potassium(K+)
33
Outside the cell
-Chloride (Cl-), Sodium (Na-)
34
Resting membrane potential
-difference in electrical potential across the membrane at rest (~ -70 mV)
35
Diffusion
-spread of molecules throughout the molecules of another substance until a uniform concentration is achieved
36
Sodium Potassium Pump
-Protein on the membrane that uses ATP to pump out 3 Na+ ions for every 2 K+ ions in - Energetically expensive
37
Hyperpolarization
-An increase in membrane potential; the interior of the neuron becomes more negative
38
Depolarization
-A reduction in membrane potential; the interior becomes less negative
39
Saltatory conduction
conduction in a myelinated axon where the action potential "jumps" from one node of Ranvier to the next node down an axon
40
Presynaptic membrane
-Axon terminal of the presynaptic membrane - Sends the info → releases the neurotransmitter
41
Synaptic cleft
Gap that separates pre- & post- synaptic neurons
42
Postsynaptic membrane
-Receives the info -Responds to the neurotransmitter sent by presynaptic neuron
43
Vesicle
-tiny spherical granule that holds neurotransmitters -100-1mil in a terminal button
44
Receptor
protein on the postsynaptic membrane that receives the
45
Synthesis
-Some NTs are made in the cell body according to the cell’s DNA -Some made in the axon from precursors
46
gathered in synaptic vesicles
-Collected in storage granules -Attached to microfilaments in terminal button -Attached to presynaptic membrane, ready to release NT
47
Kiss & run
-Leaves docking site -Refills w/ NT -Mixes with other vesicles in terminal
48
Merge & recycle
-Vesicles merge with the presynaptic membrane & lose their identity
49
Bulk endocytosis
-Large pieces of membrane break off into the cytoplasm & form new vesicles
50
Ionotropic receptor
-Opens ion channel & allows ions to flow across membrane
51
Semipermeable
-barrier between the blood & the brain made by the cells in the walls of the brain’s capillaries -Prevents potentially harmful chemicals from reaching the brain
52
Meninges(Skull & vertebral column)
-Protective sheaths around brain and spinal cord
53
Dura mater(Skull & vertebral column)
-Durable, thick, tough outer layer
54
Arachnoid membrane(Skull & vertebral column)
-Soft, spongy, middle layer
55
Pia mater(Skull & vertebral column)
-Delicate, thin, inner layer - Clings to the surface of the brain
56
Subarachnoid space
-In-between arachnoid and pia mater -Allows brain to float -Reduces shock due to sudden movement Structure of the NS
57
Ventricular System
-Produces, transports, and excretes CSF
58
ventricles (4)
-Hollow spaces (“little bellies”) filled w CSF -CSF is produced & contained within ventricles
59
Lateral ventricles
-Largest - Located bilaterally in the cerebrum - Connected to 3rd ventricle
60
Third ventricle
-Located at the midline - Cerebral aqueduct connects 3rd & 4th ventricle
61
Fourth ventricle
-Located on the ventral side of the brain
62
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
-Continually produced with the choroid plexus by ependymal cells -CSF first produced by the lateral ventricles - Then flows and additionally produced by 3rd then 4th ventricle
63
Cerebral cortex
-Sulci: small grooves -Fissures: large grooves -Gyri: bulges between the adjacent sulci or fissures -Convolutions allow for greater surface area -Gray matter: cell bodies -White matter: myelin
64
Hemispheres of the cortex
-Bilateral/both hemispheres:Connected by corpus callosum -
65
Frontal
-Movement, higher order cognitions such as planning & decision-making
66
Parietal
-Body sensations, spatial cognition
67
Occipital
-Vision, receives info from eyes
68
Temporal
-Hearing, olfaction, some aspects of learning & memory
69
Primary visual cortex(Primary Sensory cortices)
-Occipital lobe -Receives visual information
70
Primary auditory cortex(Primary Sensory cortices)
-Temporal lobe -Receives auditory info
71
Primary somatosensory cortex(Primary Sensory cortices)
-Parietal lobe -Receives bodily sensory information
72
Basal ganglia
-Collection of nuclei below the cortex -Caudate nucleus -Putamen (learning) -Globus pallidus (conscious movement) -Involved in control of movement; memory/habits
73
Limbic system
-Located around the medial edge of the cerebral hemispheres
74
Hippocampus
-Learning and personal memory -Spatial navigation
75
Amygdala
-Feelings & expressions of emotions -Emotional memories
76
Thalamus
-relay station -All information must be processed through the thalamus before being sent to cortex for interpretation -Almost all info the cortex receives is first relayed here -Except olfactory (smell) info
77
Hypothalamus
-Involved in nearly all aspects of motivated behavior
78
Mesencephalon
-Midbrain -Surrounds cerebral aqueduct -Tectum -Tegmentum
79
Tectum
-Superior colliculus -Visual system -Inferior colliculus -Auditory system
80
Tegmentum
-Reticular formation: Sleep, arousal, attention, movement, reflexes -Periaqueductal gray matter -Red nucleus & substantia nigra
81
Cerebellum
-little brain -2 hemispheres - Info from cortex is sent to the deep cerebellar nuclei, then projected to other parts of the brain -Coordinates movements
82
Pons
-Bulge in the brain stem -Ventral to the cerebellum -Important for sleep/wake regulation & arousal -Relays info from cerebral cortex to cerebellum
83
Medulla oblongata
-Cardiovascular system regulation -Respiration -Skeletal muscle tone
84
Motor nerves
-Transmit info from spinal cord & brain to muscles, organs, and glands
85
Sensory nerves
-Transmit info from the body to the spinal cord and brain
86
Afferent axons
-Convey sensory info to the central nervous system
87
Efferent axons
-Convey motor info from central nervous system to muscles & glands
88
Autonomic NS
-Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, & glands
89
Sympathetic NS
-Functions that accompany arousal & energy expenditure -fight or flight
90
Parasympathetic NS
-Involved in increasing the body’s supply of stored energy
91

Physiological Psychology (1 decks)

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