Unit One Flashcards
What is sociology?
The study of social life and how individuals behave amongst each other.
What is a victim?
An individual who has suffered harm
What is harm?
Physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss of substantial impairment of their fundamental rights
What is indirect/secondary victims?
Loved ones, family, or professionals who are burdened but not directly involved
What are the types of victimization?
Bullying/peer victimization (verbal abuse), physical abuse, sexual abuse (stalking), intimate partner violence, homicide, property theft, work place, financial abuse, family abuse, elder abuse
What is Hentig’s ideal victim?
Female, very young or very old, immigrants, depressed, wanted (sexualized), “mentally deranged”, acquisitive (curious), minorities, lonely, tormentor/fighter/instigator
What happens if a victim identifies as a victim but society does not?
Then they are considered a rejected victim
What is Strobel’s expansion?
- Recall events, 2. Considered negative or harmful, 3. Not caused or concerned, 4. Specific to human actors, 5. Subjective to the society in which the victim belongs
What is an example of an innocent victim?
Child abuse, anything involving children, often
What’s an example of a victim with minor guilt?
A person who exists but visits high crime areas (parties, bad neighborhoods)
What is a voluntary victim?
Victim and offender are equally guilty
What is an example of a voluntary victim?
Substance use and sex work
What is a victim who is more guilty than the offender?
A victim who provokes another to commit a crime, kills their offender
What does victim precipitation help explain?
Why offenders of sexual assault and rape are often not conducted, their victim is seem as direct precipitation
What is the likelihood of a criminal act occurring under these three conditions?
- Someone is interested in committing a crime
- A potential target or victim is available
- The absence of something or someone to deter the crime from happening
What is deviant place theory?
Victims who visit or reside in deviant ‘places’ are at a higher risk for victimization.
What is an example of deviant place theory?
Women living on campus have a higher chance of sexual assault
What is victim offender overlap?
While not all victims become offenders, the majority of offenders for victim-based crime have been victims. Victimization can produce long-term effects in which an individual goes on to commit their own crime. These can be mental, emotional, physical as well as behavioral
What is social learning theory?
Prominent in criminology, violent behavior is passed down through generations via social learning or a cycle of violence. Violence is observed to be an effective problem-solving technique employed when other options have not been positively reinforced
What are the individual factors that effect the victim offender overlap?
Mental health indicators (including substance abuse), biology/neurology, childhood maltreatment is connected to long term changes in brain structures (aggression), trauma and post traumatic stress
What are the relationship factors that effect the victim offender overlap?
Adverse childhood experiences (ACES), abuse/neglect (physical, emotional, social), household dysfunction, mental illness, incarcerated parent, IPV, substance abuse, divorce
What is the prevalence of domestic violence?
1 in 3 women and 1 in 4 men have reported some form of physical violence by an intimate partner
What are the effects of physical violence in IPV relationships?
Long-term disability, fertility/menstrual cycle changes, muscle tension/fatigue, changes in eating and sleeping (female assaulters usually use weapons).
What are examples of psychological/emotional violence in IPV relationships?
Threats, intimidations, criticism/mocking, isolation, information withholding, gaslighting
What are examples of the effects of psychological/emotional violence in IPV relationships?
PTSD, depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation
What is gaslighting?
The altering of reality/perception for personal gain (you’re over reacting” “you need help” “you’re imagining things”
What is economic abuse?
Restricting access to work/money, not listing victim on any shared expenses/investments (homes), medical insurance, manipulation
What is academic abuse?
Forcing cheating/plagiarism threats/coercion for academic assignments (high school and college mainly)
What is religious abuse?
Restricting availability to practice religion, mocking religious beliefs, forcing any behavior that is against religious beliefs
What is the honeymoon phase?
Gift giving, overly affectionate “the way it was in the beginning”
Why don’t people in abusive relationships leave?
Economic limitations, isolation, love, children, it’s too dangerous to leave, little trust in the system, own history of crime, fear of homelessness
How many young people have been perpetrated by digital dating abuse?
46% of youth ages 14-18
How do abusers use fear in the digital dating age?
By texting and calling from fake numbers, creating fake dating profiles, and by creating fake social media accounts
How do abusers use economic abuse in the digital dating age?
Interfering with work via internet accounts, demanding access to online banking, and monitoring spending
How do abusers use isolation in the digital dating age?
Using the internet to harass friends and family, limiting virtual communication, selecting who one can and cannot interact with/follow
How do abusers use minimizing/denying in the digital dating age?
Doctored evidence, claiming nothing can be proved via internet, impersonating another person
What is sexual violence?
A choice to engage in a criminal act against someone else where sex is the weapon. A very effective way to perpetrate, all you need is your body
What is revenge porn?
Abuse or manipulation using some form of media (consensual or not)
What is the sexual violence pyramid?
On the bottom 4. attitudes and beliefs (rape jokes, locker room talk, victim blaming, unequal gender jokes) 3. Degradation (stalking, cat calling, revenge porn, unsolicited photos), 2. Removal of autonomy (sexual coercion, groping, threatening, safe word violation) 1. Overt violence (murder, rape, sexual assault).
What is the red zone?
Between August and September, every college campus has a big jump in sexual assault
What is drug facilitated rape?
Unwanted sexual act following deliberate intoxication
What is victim precipitation theory?
Suggests that victims play a role in their victimization, depending on their own situation
What is legal abuse?
Threatening deportation, reporting crimes to law enforcement, reporting to social work agencies about parenting, filing an order of protection against victim
How do abusers use coercion and threats in the digital dating age?
Threatening via DM/PM/Texts, threatening to send explicit photos or videos
What is sexual assault?
All types of sexual behavior (attempted rape)
What is a crime victim?
An individual who suffers injury, hardship or loss due to an illegal act
What is a direct/primary victim?
Experiences a harmful or dangerous action and its consequences first hand
What if a victim does belong to Hentig’s victim list?
It may be swept under the rug, not taken seriously, or even believed.
What is the first step to becoming a victim?
An individual must identify themselves as a victim
What happens if you don’t see yourself as a victim but society does?
Then they are considered a designated victim
What are the social rules of a victim?
1). Universalistic, 2). Functionally specific, 3). Affectively neutral, 4). collectively oriented.
What are the consequences of victim blaming?
A low rate of official reporting, supports that only innocent people are victims, assumes that an individuals environment is completely controllable
What are the six categories of victimization?
Innocent victim, victim with minor guilt, voluntary victim, victim who is more guilty than the offender, victim who alone is guilty, imaginary victim
What is an innocent victim?
No responsibility for crime
What is a victim with minor guilt?
Precipitates crime with carelessness/ignorance
What is an example of a victim who is more guilty than the offender?
Domestic violence, hurting each other
What is a victim who alone is guilty?
Victim who is solely responsible for their victimization
What is an example of a victim who alone is guilty?
Assault, killing your assaulter, self-defense
What is an imaginary victim?
Victim mistakenly believes they’ve been victimized
What is routine activity theory?
a perspective on adolescence that views unstructured, unsupervised time with peers as a main cause of misbehavior
What is life style theory?
Directly tied to victims - relies on statistical evidence. Suggests that certain people may become victims due to their lifestyles and choices
What are critiques of Mendolson’s categories?
Implies a fault to almost all victims (victim blaming)
What are critiques of routine activity theory?
say that involvement in crime leads to increased risk of victimization, statistically men would have a risk but they don’t
What are critiques of life style theory?
It may place blame on the victim, that their own choices lead to their own victimization
What is domestic violence?
The willful intimidating, physical assault, battery, sexual assault, and/or other abusive behavior as part of a systemic pattern of power and control perpetrated by one intimate partner against another
What is the most common ages to experience domestic violence?
Women ages 18-24
What is the prevalence in deadly domestic violence?
1 in 3 female murder victims are killed by intimate partners. 72% of murder-suicides are perpetrated by intimate partners and 94% of the victims are female
What are examples of physical assault in domestic violence?
spitting, scratching, grabbing, shaking, pinching, biting, restraining, shoving, slapping, punching, choking, burning, use of a weapon to cause physical harm
What is the calm phase?
Neutral, little to no violence or abuse
What is the tension building phase?
Less severe forms of abuse, noticeable changes in behavior (walking on eggshells)
What is the violent of explosive incident phase?
Usually one explosive incident, does not have to be physical
How do abusers use children in the digital age?
By showing private/explicit photos during custody disputes
How do abusers use emotional abuse in the digital dating age?
By using humiliation by posting photos online, reading personal messages, emails, or DMs, demanding access to accounts
What is rape?
Penetration, sexual behavior, a limited definition
What is child sexual assault/incest?
Legally, you can be charged as a predator for sex with minors
What is harassment and stalking?
Sexual in nature, nonconsensual, forced behavior
What is incapacitated rape?
An unwanted sexual act that occurs after a victim voluntarily consumes drugs or alcohols
What is title IX?
All rape/sexual assault has the opportunity to be prosecuted criminally, campus rape/sexual assault has extra protection called adjudication
