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Maternal-Child Nursing > Unit One > Flashcards

Unit One Flashcards

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1
Q

A paternalistic approach with a narrower perspective; care team is viewed as having the expertise.

Health care team puts together a plan of care in which they (the healthcare team) deem to be in the patients and families best interest. The patient/family is minimally involved in the assessment and planning but then expected to follow through with recommendations

A

Family Focused Care

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2
Q

A collaborative approach with a broader perspective.

Family is involved in all phases of assessment and planning; the team and the family each bring a different but essential and respected expertise to the table.

A

Family Centered Care

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3
Q

Erikson’s Stage
Trust v. Mistrust
“Can I trust the world?”

A

Infancy (birth to 18 months)

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4
Q

Erikson’s Stage
Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt
“Is it OK to be me?”

A

Early Childhood (18 months - 3 years)

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5
Q

Erikson’s Stage
Initiative v. Guilt
“Is it OK for me to move, act, and do?”

A

Preschool ( 3 - 5 years)

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6
Q

Erikson’s Stage
Industry v. Inferiority
“Can I make it in the world?”

A

School Age (5 - 12 years)

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7
Q

Erikson’s Stage
Identity v. Role Confusion
“Who am I and who can I be?”

A

Adolescence (12 - 18 years)

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8
Q

Which age group has a calorie requirement of 125-155/kcal/kg/day?

A

Preemies

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9
Q

Which age group has a calorie requirement of 105 kcal/kg/day?

A

Infants

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10
Q

Which age group has a calorie requirement of 90-100 kcal/kg/day?

A

Toddlers

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11
Q

Which age group has a calorie requirement of 80-90 kcal/kg/day?

A

Preschoolers/School age

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12
Q

Which age group has a calorie requirement of 2100-2700 cal/day (females) and 2700-2800 cal/day (male)

A

Adolescents

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13
Q

Reflex - when infant’s cheek is stroked, the infant turns to the side, searching with mouth

Appears at birth and disappears at 3 months

A

Rooting reflex

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14
Q

Reflexive sucking when nipple or finger is placed in infant’s mouth

Appears at birth and disappears at 2-5 months

A

Sucking reflex

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15
Q

Reflex - with sudden extension of the head, the arms abduct and move upward and the hand form a “C”

Appears at birth and disappears at 4 months

A

Moro reflex

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16
Q

Reflex - infant reflexively grasps when palm is touched

Appears at birth and disappears at 4-6 months

A

Grasping reflex

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17
Q

Reflex - stroking along the lateral aspect of the sole and across the plantar surface results in fanning and hyperextension of the toes

Appears at birth and disappears at 12 months

A

Babinski reflex

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18
Q

Infants ________ their weight by 4 months of age & _________ their birth weight by 1 year

A

Double; Triple

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19
Q

Age Group Growth Needs:
-Gain 15-30g a day
-No juice or water - Pedialyte can be given
-Good at self-regulation
-Sleep 15-20 hr in 2-3 hr increments

A

Newborns - 6 months

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20
Q

Age Group Growth Needs:
-Decrease growth velocity to 2oz/week
-Need protein, fruit, & veggies
-Teething begins now (7mo) and usually ends by age 3
-Sleep 9-14 hr with 2-2.5 hr naps; naps may decrease

A

6 months - 12 months

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21
Q

Age Group Growth Needs:
-Eat approximately 7 times a day - “grazers”
-Transition to milk

A

Toddlers

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22
Q

Age Group Growth Needs:
-Structure meal times & snacks
-Limit juice to 4-6oz per day
-Normal to play with food as they learn about texture and tastes

A

Preschoolers

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23
Q

Age Group Growth Needs:
-Decreased caloric requirements
-Advise 2-3 glasses of low fat/skim milk per day
-Encourage physical activity (60 min/day) & limit TV (no more than 2hr/day)
-Don’t use food as a reward
-18% are obese & 18% are underweight

A

School age

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24
Q

What temperature is considered a fever in pediatrics?

A

100.4 F or 38. 0 C

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25
Q

Which form of temperature taking is most accurate for children under 2?

A

Rectal

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26
Q

Which medication should not be given to children under the age of 6 months due to an increased risk of renal damage?

A

Ibuprofen

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27
Q

Hep B vaccine is given individually at which age?

A

At birth

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28
Q

These vaccines are given at which age?

Hep B, DTap (Diphtheria/Tetanus/Pertussis), HIB (Haemophilus influenzae type B), Polio, PCV (pneumococcal conjugate), RV (rotavirus)

A

2 months

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29
Q

These vaccines are given at which age?

DTap (Diphtheria/Tetanus/Pertussis), HIB (Haemophilus influenzae type B), Polio, PCV (pneumococcal conjugate), RV (rotavirus)

A

4 months

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30
Q

These vaccines are given at which age?

Hep B, DTap (Diphtheria/Tetanus/Pertussis), HIB (Haemophilus influenzae type B), Polio, PCV (pneumococcal conjugate), RV (rotavirus), flu shot

A

6 months

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31
Q

These vaccines are given at which age?

DTap, HIB, PCV, MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), varicella, Hep A, flu shot

A

12-18 months

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32
Q

These vaccines are given at which age?

DTap, Polio, MMR, Varicella

A

4-6 years

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33
Q

When are the side effects of live vaccines usually seen?

A

2 to 4 weeks after administration

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34
Q

Where are vaccinations administered for infants and young toddlers?

A

Vastus lateralis

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35
Q

Where are vaccinations administered for children 18 months and older?

A

Deltoid

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36
Q

Childhood Infections:

-Highly contagious
-Affects kids 2-6 years
-Most common in summer
-Common sites: mouth/face/hands
-Yellow honey crusted
-Common bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Impetigo

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37
Q

Childhood Infections:

-Caused by Parovirus B19
-Common in kids 5-15 years
-Contracted when Parovirus B19 spreads through respiratory secretions
-Treatment: comfort measures (fluids/rest/Tylenol/ibuprofen)
-Presentations: red rash on the face; after a few days the rash spreads to the trunk, arms and legs; has a lacy appearance
-S/S: low grade fever, cold like symptoms, muscle aches

A

Erythema Infection (Fifth disease)

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38
Q

Childhood Infections:

-Caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
-Clinical presentation: fever, sore throat, extreme malaise, enlarged lymph nodes (neck), splenomegaly
-Incubation period is 4-6 weeks –> symptoms may not be seen until after 4-6 weeks
-Primarily affects adolescents
-Treatment: rest/fluids/Tylenol/ibuprofen

A

Mononucleosis (Mono)

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39
Q

Childhood Infections:

-Clinical presentations: Appears 10 to 21 days after exposure to the virus and usually lasts about 5 to 10 days.
-Prodromal: fever & malaise
-Rash: appears first on trunk & face; spreads to rest of the body; causes extreme itching
-Diagnosed by rash
-Complications: bacterial infections of skin; shingles in adulthood

A

Varicella-Zoster

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40
Q

Childhood Infections:

-Viral
-Transmission: contact & droplet
-Clinical Manifestations: Initial –> fever, sore throat, poor intake
1-2 days –> painful ulcers in mouth
1-2 days later –> rash on palms of hand and soles of feet
-Treatment: comfort care; usually treated outpatient

A

Hand Foot & Mouth Disease

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41
Q

Childhood Infections:

-Bacterial (contagious, sticky pus)
-Viral (contagious, watery discharge, burning, red)
-Treatment: eye drops

A

Conjunctivitis (Pink eye)

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42
Q

Childhood Infections:

-Spreads easily & quickly
-Nits (eggs)
-Causes itching
-Treatment: lice shampoo; wash all linens

A

Pediculosis Capitis (head lice)

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43
Q

Childhood Infections:

-Diaper rash area becomes irritated from chemicals & enzymes in urine and feces
-Erythema w/possible small vesicles
-Yeast –> beefy red w/papules and/or pustules
-Treatment: cream, powders, frequent diaper changes

A

Dermatitis (Diaper Rash)

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44
Q

Childhood Infections:

-Greasy and scaly on scalp and in body folds
-Caused by a yeast organism
-Loosen the scales with a small, soft-bristled brush or fine-toothed comb before rinsing off the shampoo

A

Seborrheic Dermatitis (cradle cap)

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45
Q

Baby acne is known as…

A

Acne neonatorum

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46
Q

Teenage acne is known as…

A

Acne vulgaris

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47
Q

Developmental Milestone:

-Gross motor: head lag (poor head control)
-Fine motor: reflexes
-Language: responds to touch and voices; sensory motor communication
-Social/Cognitive: find safety with caregiver and looks at faces

A

1 month

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48
Q

Developmental Milestone:

-Gross motor: kicks legs as response; raises head when prone
-Fine motor: grasp reflex diminishes
-Language: responds to sounds and begins making sounds
-Social/Cognitive: smiles and coos when seeing familiar faces

A

2-3 months
remember: 2 legs kick at 2 months

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49
Q

Developmental Milestone:

-Gross motor: no head lag; ___ month rolls from front to back
-Fine motor: grasps objects; other reflexes begin to diminish such as Moro reflexes
-Language: mimic sounds heard; change cry tone for different needs
-Social/Cognitive: soothe by caregiver voices; copies expression; cries when they don’t get their way

A

4 - 5 months
* 5 month rolls from front to back *

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50
Q

Developmental Milestone:

-Gross motor: birth weight doubles; roll from back to front; can sit up unsupported; can pull self up
-Fine motor: can hold a bottle with both hands
-Language: babble words; responds to their name
-Social/Cognitive: identifies faces; separation anxiety starts

A

6 - 9 months

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51
Q

Developmental Milestone:

-Gross motor: can go from prone to sitting position
-Fine motor: pincer grasp; transfer objects from hand to hand
-Language: able to make more sounds; mimics gestures; understand yes or no
-Social/Cognitive: vocalization and speech improve

A

10 - 12 months

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52
Q

Developmental Milestone:

-Gross motor: birth weight triples; sit down from standing; crawl up stairs
-Fine motor: fully develops the 2-finger pincer grasp; try to build a block tower; attempt to turn book page
-Language: 3-5 words; begin non-verbal communication
-Social/Cognitive: stranger danger begins; can follow simple directions; object permanence begins

A

12 months

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53
Q

Developmental Milestone:

-Gross motor: walk up and down stairs while holding a hand; throw balls; jump with both feet
-Fine motor: turn 2 pages in a book (uncoordinated); holds cup and spoon
-Language: can say 10 words
-Social/Cognitive: think angry babies; everything is theirs (in their mind); parallel play

A

18 months

54
Q

Developmental Milestone:

-Gross motor: walk with help; run and kick a ball; walk up stairs independently
-Fine motor: build tower of 7 blocks; open doors
-Language: say their first and last name; 300+ words; 2-3 word sentences
-Social/Cognitive: imitates adult behavior

A

2 years

55
Q

Developmental Milestone:

-Gross motor: use tricycle; walk upstairs w/alternate feet
-Fine motor: spoon feeds self; undress themselves
-Language: 3-4 word sentences; asks “why”; knows age
-Social/Cognitive: associative play; have imaginary play

A

3 years

56
Q

Developmental Milestone:

-Gross motor: skip/hop on 1 foot; climb and jump
-Fine motor: can pour drink and make food; draw 4-sided shapes
-Language: able to tell stories; can memorize the alphabet and numbers
-Social/Cognitive: likes to play dress up and more involve imaginary play; plays well with others

A

4 years

57
Q

At what age does the anterior fontanelle close? Posterior fontanelle?

A

Anterior: 18 months
Posterior: 2 months

58
Q

How many inches in length does an infant grow for the first 6 months?

A

1/2 to 1 inch every month for the first 6 months

59
Q

When and where do an infant’s first teeth come in?

A

They come in in their lower central incisor around 10 months of age

60
Q

At what age should the child begin to gain about 4-6 pounds per year and should be about 4x their birth weight?

A

2 years old

61
Q

At what age should the child begin to increase their height by 2-3 inches per year and should be about half of their adult height?

*The average height by this age is 33-34 inches

A

2 years old

62
Q

When should head-chest circumference be equal in a child?

A

12-24 months

63
Q

Which age group practices ritualism (wants things done the same way every time), rivalry (especially with siblings), and regression (revert back to infant skills)

A

Toddlers

64
Q

Which age group practices negativism (doing the opposite of what is being asked)?

A

Toddlers

65
Q

Which age group gains 5lb/year (average 42lbs), and grows 3in/year (average 44 in)

A

Preschoolers

66
Q

Developmental Theory:

Age group: 2-7 years
Still egocentric like toddlers
Literal thinkers
Animistic

A

Piaget Preoperational

67
Q

Which age group starts to develop a fear of things? (Afraid of hospitalization, fear that hospitalization is due to punishment, fear of mutilation of their body)

A

Preschoolers

68
Q

At what age does associative play occur?

A

3 years old

69
Q

At what age does cooperative play occur?

A

4-5 years old

70
Q

What is the first sign of puberty changes in a female?

A

Breast bud development

71
Q

When does the respiratory system develop in a fetus?

A

Development of the respiratory system is complete just prior to birth

72
Q

Which organ takes care of oxygenating the fetus in utero?

A

The placenta

73
Q

What initiates breathing for the fetus during the birthing process?

A

The respiratory center is in the medulla and is stimulated to initiate to breathe; a decrease in oxygen and increase of carbon dioxide in the blood also stimulates respiratory center

74
Q

What are the differences between pediatric and adult respiratory anatomy?

A
  • Bronchi and bronchioles are much smaller - airway of an infant is about the size of a cat’s airway
  • Few alveoli
  • More flexible trachea
  • Tonsils and lymphoid tissue enlarged
  • Larger heads and tongue
  • Obligate nose breathers
75
Q

What is the normal respiration rate for an infant?

A

30-60 bpm

76
Q

What are the cardinal signs of respiratory distress in pediatrics?

A
  • Restlessness
  • Increased respiratory rate
  • Increased pulse rate
  • Retractions

Other signs include:
- Nasal flare
- Grunting
- Adventitious or absent breath sounds
- Use of accessory muscles/head bobbing

77
Q

What is the hallmark symptom seen that differentiates respiratory distress from respiratory failure?

A

Change in mental status

78
Q

What does the mnemonic WETFROG stand for?

A

W - wheezing
E - effort
T - tachycardia
F - flaring (nasal)
R - retractions
O - oxygenation
G - grunting

79
Q
  • Most common infection in children
  • Most common cause is bacterial but can sometimes be viral
  • Caused due to pediatrics having horizontal and shorter eustachian tubes
  • If viral, can be resolved on their own. Bacterial will need to be treated with antibiotics
  • Repeat infections may require tympanostomy tubes (ear tubes)
A

Otitis media (ear infections)

80
Q
  • Infection of the outer ear canal
  • Pruritus, erythema, ear pain and drainage
  • May require antibiotics and corticosteroids
A

Otitis externa (swimmer’s ear)

81
Q
  • Inflammation of sinuses
  • Bacterial, viral, or fungal in nature
  • Must have symptoms for at least 7-10 days before sinusitis can be accurately diagnosed
  • Antibiotics for treatment
  • Sinus rinsing - prevention
A

Sinusitis

82
Q
  • Inflammation of tonsils
  • Bacterial or viral - strep is common culprit
  • If strep is negative - supportive care only
  • If strep is positive - treat with penicillin
  • Repeat strep infections may require removal
A

Tonsillitis

83
Q
  • Inflammation of the epiglottis
  • Medical emergency
  • 4 D’s
  • Characterized by tripod positioning and child drooling
  • Intubation required and corticosteroid administration
A

Epiglottitis

84
Q

What are the 4 D’s?

A
  • Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
  • Dysphonia (hoarseness or difficulty speaking)
  • Drooling
  • Distress (difficulty breathing or lack of oxygen)
85
Q
  • Inflammation of larynx
  • Caused by parainfluenzae virus, influenza A & B, RSV and mycoplasma pneumonia (or many other respiratory viruses)
  • Most common in kids ages 3m-3y
  • Seal-like cough is cardinal symptom; also have stridor
  • Treatment: epinephrine, corticosteroids, humidified air/oxygen
  • Avoid upsetting child - may worsen
A

Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)

86
Q
  • Abnormal communication between trachea & esophagus - can occur with esophageal atresia
  • Diagnosis is usually made in utero
  • Surgical repair is done shortly after birth
  • May require surfactant, ECMO, and mechanical ventilation
A

Tracheoesophageal fistula (tef)

87
Q
  • Abnormal laryngeal cartilage
  • May partially occlude upper airway causing stridor
  • Most outgrow by age 2
  • Educate on feeding, positioning, and worsening symptoms
A

Laryngomalacia

88
Q
  • Inflammation of bronchioles
  • Viral or bacterial (viral is most common)
  • Most common virus is RSV
  • Increased mucus production and inflammation
  • Suctioning, oxygen, and hydration
  • Immunization for preemies
A

Bronchiolitis

89
Q
  • Inflammation of lung parenchyma
  • Bacterial, viral, allergic, fungal, or aspiration
  • Antibiotics usually needed; supplemental oxygen
  • Pneumococcal vaccine
A

Pneumonia

90
Q
  • Bacterial infection caused by Bordetella pertussis
  • Most severe in infants under 2 months
  • Paroxysmal cough is cardinal sign - which causes bradypnea and bradycardia
  • Treatment: azithromycin
  • DTap and Tdap vaccines have decreased incidence
A

Pertussis (whooping cough)

91
Q
  • Multisystem disorder of exocrine glands, leading to increased production of thick mucus - mucus is about 3x as thick as a healthy person’s mucus
  • Autosomal recessive trait
  • Affects bronchioles, small intestines, pancreatic & bile ducts, reproductive organs, liver
  • Chronic use of accessory muscles leads to development of barrel chest
A

Cystic fibrosis

92
Q

How is cystic fibrosis diagnosed?

A
  • Sweat test - cardinal test
  • Fecal fat collection - presence of steatorrhea
  • Chest x-ray
  • DNA analysis of amniotic fluid in utero
  • Meconium ileus in newborns
93
Q

What does the assessment of a patient with cystic fibrosis include?

A
  • Physical assessment: airway, breathing
  • PFTs (pulmonary function tests)
  • History of respiratory infections
  • Nutritional status
  • Social issues
94
Q

These interventions are implemented for which diagnosis?

  • Monitor for respiratory distress
  • Encourage coughing and deep breathing
  • Administer meds
  • Provide high calorie diet
  • Give pancreatic enzymes
  • Administer fat-soluble vitamins
  • Avoid pulmonary treatments immediately after meals
A

Cystic fibrosis

95
Q
  • Chronic inflammatory disorder of lower airways
  • Characterized by hyper-reactivity to stimuli which results in spasms of bronchial muscles
  • Increased respiratory effort and increased airway resistance
  • Bronchial smooth muscle constricts, edema in the lower airways and production of thick mucus increases
  • Expiration is impaired
A

Asthma

96
Q

How is asthma diagnosed?

A
  • Reversible airway constriction (pulmonary function tests) 20% improvement after bronchodilator administration
  • Chest x-ray
  • Presence of wheezing and dry cough
  • Repeated episodes
97
Q
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease occurring in infants after prolonged oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation
  • Usually NICU babies or graduates
  • Possibility of lifelong oxygenation issues
A

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

98
Q
  • Sudden, unexpected death of infant under 1 year during sleep
  • First symptom is cardiac arrest
  • Autopsy reveals pulmonary edema
  • Prevention is key: back to sleep; firm mattress; avoid loose bedding; no toys in crib
A

SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)

99
Q

What is the normal flow of the heart?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava bring oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary artery to the lungs
Reoxygenated blood leaves the lungs moves through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta –> rest of the body

100
Q

S/S associated with heart defects:

  • Pink-typically normal oxygen saturations
  • May be asymptomatic
  • Blood shunts from left to right
  • Symptoms include:
    Fatigue
    Feeding difficulties
    Respiratory distress
A

Acyanotic Defect

101
Q

S/S associated with heart defects:

  • Cyanosis
  • Abnormal oxygen saturations
  • Feeding difficulties
  • Failure to thrive
  • Tachypnea
  • Clubbed fingers
A

Cyanotic Defect

102
Q

Heart Defect:

  • One great vessel leaving the heart instead of aorta and pulmonary artery
  • VSD present
  • Cyanosis is early sign, tachypnea, diaphoresis, CHF
  • Treatment: surgery (separating pulmonary arteries from main truncus; Close VSD; Create connection between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries)
    -Causes oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood to mix in the same artery
A

Truncus Arteriosus

103
Q

Heart Defect:

  • The aorta and pulmonary artery are reversed
  • Results in 2 separate circulatory systems that do not mix (pulmonary artery comes off the left side instead of the right)
  • Profound cyanosis due to the lack of oxygen from the reversed great arteries
  • Prostaglandins to keep PDA open to allow mixing of blood
A

Transposition of Great Arteries (TGA)

104
Q

What are the treatment options for TGA?

A
  • Balloon atrial septostomy
  • Arterial switch within first week or two of life
105
Q

Heart Defect:

  • Narrowing of the aorta
  • Will get worse if PDA closes - try and keep open
  • Blood pressure increased in upper extremities and decreased in lower extremities
  • At risk for aortic rupture, aortic aneurysm
  • Difficulty feeding, chest pain (older children with mild defect), easily fatigued, poor perfusion to lower extremities
A

Coarctation of the Aorta

106
Q

Heart Defect:

  • Left side of the heart is underdeveloped
  • Right ventricle overworked
  • PDA must be kept open
  • Low oxygen saturations = cyanosis (Avoid oxygen supplementation

Treatment:
- Heart transplant
- Staged reconstruction (3 surgeries)
- Palliative Care

A

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)

107
Q

What are the three staged reconstruction surgeries for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)?

A
  • The Glenn (completed around 3-6 months of age)
  • The Fontan (completed around age 2-3)
  • The Norwood (completed around age 5-7)
108
Q

Heart Defect:

  • 4 Defects (Right ventricular hypertrophy, Aorta displacement, Pulmonary stenosis, Septal defect (ventricular)
  • Limits blood flow to lungs
  • Appear cyanotic, especially as PDA closes
  • “Tet spells”
  • Surgically repaired
A

Tetralogy of Fallot

109
Q

Heart Defect:

  • Blood flows from the aorta to pulmonary artery
  • This is a normal finding in utero but should close on own after birth
  • If not, extra blood flow to the lungs can overload the lungs
  • Symptoms: fast breathing, a hard time breathing, more respiratory infections, tire more easily, poor growth
  • Treatment: ibuprofen, surgery/cardiac cath
A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

110
Q

Heart Defect:

  • Hole between right & left atria - seen in utero but should close after birth
  • Left to right shunting - oxygenated blood mixes with deoxygenated blood
  • Typically asymptomatic
  • Treatment: may close on its own, cardiac catheterization, open-heart surgery
  • Many kids go years without detection - chronic high BP readings are an indicator
A

Atrial Septal Defect

111
Q

Heart Defect:

  • Hole between right and left ventricles
  • Most close on their own, especially if small
  • Left to right shunting
  • Can be asymptomatic
  • Shortness of breath, feeding difficulties, failure to thrive
  • Treatment: none if no signs of CHF, Digoxin, Surgery
A

Ventricular Septal Defect

112
Q

Which areas are the most common sites of fractures in children?

A

Distal radius
Hand
Elbow
Clavicle
Radius
Tibia

113
Q

A type of fracture that occurs when a bone breaks into three or more pieces - caused by serious trauma such as a car accident or fall from a great height
Most commonly occur in the long bones

A

Comminuted fracture

114
Q

Occurs when a small chunk of bone attached to a tendon or ligament gets pulled away from the main part of the bone - “chip fracture” commonly seen in the elbow

A

Avulsion fracture

115
Q

Occurs when one of the bones is broken with a twisting motion - creates a fracture line that wraps around the bone and looks like a corkscrew
May be seen in child abuse situations; children injured in jumpers

A

Spiral fracture

116
Q

A partial break in a bone that occurs when a bone bends and cracks, rather than breaking into multiple pieces.
Most common fracture in children

A

Greenstick fracture

117
Q

Why do children heal faster from fractures?

A

The periosteum is stronger, thicker and more flexible in children

118
Q

What are the 5 P’s that should be assessed for compartment syndrome?

A

Pain
Pallor
Paralysis
Pulselessness
Paresthesias

119
Q

What are some complications of fractures in children?

A

Osteomyelitis
Fat embolism
Compartment syndrome

120
Q

What type of medication can be given to patients who are experiencing pain from fractures/traction?

A

Muscle relaxers

121
Q

Which assessments should be completed for a child with traction?

A
  • Assess the equipment
  • Assess the child’s alignment
  • Assess skin
  • Assess extremity
  • Pin care
  • Pad under the extremity
122
Q
  • Caused by a shortened Achilles tendon, which causes the foot to turn in and under
  • Congenital abnormality where the foot is twisted out of its normal position
  • Unknown etiology (risk factors include a parent or sibling with the same abnormality, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and male)
  • Involves muscles, tendons, and bones
  • Treatment: serial casting, corrective surgery
A

Club foot

123
Q
  • Abnormal development of the hip socket
  • Can be congenital (born with weakened hip muscles) or developmental (improper swaddling)
  • Unilateral in 80%
  • Can self resolve
  • Treatment: Plavick harness, Spica cast (hygiene care is priority)
A

Hip Dysplasia

124
Q
  • Deviation from normal spinal alignment
  • Idiopathic or Compensatory (uneven leg length - having one leg shorter than the other causes the hips to tilt; shoulders tend to tilt the other way to compensate)
  • Occurs more in girls than boys
  • Usually becomes noticeable during a growth spurt
  • S/S: Truncal asymmetry, Uneven shoulder & hip height, One sided rib hump, Prominent scapula

Treatment: Exercise treatment (mild); Bracing with Boston Brace (moderate); Spinal fusing surgery (severe)

A

Scoliosis

125
Q
  • Brittle bone disease
  • S/S: multiple and frequent fractures; blue sclera; thin, soft skin; short stature
  • Treatment: supportive care, gentle, calcium, Vitamin D
A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

126
Q
  • Degeneration of muscle
  • Group of inherited conditions (Dystrophin gene found on X-chromosomes - more common in males)
  • Progressive muscle weakness and wasting
  • Gowers sign: when laying flat on stomach, they use their arms instead of hip and legs due to weakness
  • Most common - Duchenne (start to see symptoms around the age of 5 - stumbling while running, can’t run and kick a ball)
  • Late S/S: wheelchair, respiratory failure (weak diaphragm), scoliosis, dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias
A

Muscular Dystrophy

127
Q
  • Term for range of nonspecific clinical symptoms characterized by abnormal motor patterns and postures (loss of coordination)
  • Often no specific cause identified
  • Most common movement disorder of childhood (Lifelong condition; higher rates in premature and low birthweight infants)
A

Cerebral Palsy

128
Q

What are the normal vital signs for infants (0-12 months)?

A

HR: 100-180
Blood Pressure 72/37 - 104/56
RR: 30-53

129
Q

What are the normal vital signs for toddlers (1-2 years)?

A

HR: 90-140
BP: 86/42 - 106/63
RR: 20-37

130
Q

What are the normal vital signs for preschoolers (3-5 years)?

A

HR: 80-120
BP: 89/46 - 112/72
RR: 20-28

131
Q

What are the normal vital signs for school-age (6-9 years)?

A

HR: 75-118
BP: 97/57 - 115/76
RR: 18-25

Maternal-Child Nursing (1 decks)

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