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Marine unit one and two > Unit one > Flashcards

Unit one Flashcards

1
Q

What is a continental margin

A

The continental margin contains the shelf slop and rise. It is the shallow bit of water that is from the continent leading to the ocean.

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2
Q

What is a ocean-basin floor?

A

Two regions of the ocean-basin floor- The abyssal plain and hills. All oceans contain abyssal plains which are flat virtually no hills.

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3
Q

What is a deep sea trench?

A

: The continental slope sometimes leads to a V-shaped sea trench.

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4
Q

What are mid-ocean trenches?

A

Mountain chanes of up to 1000kms wide. These occur in the middle of the ocean.

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5
Q

How do tectonic plates affect the sea floor?

A

The tectonic plates can shift the ocean sea floor. As they move there are cracks that open in the floor which create mid ocean ridges.

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6
Q

How are the currents driven by wind?

A

The sun heats the atmosphere, creating winds and moving the sea surface through friction. This drags the water surface along as the wind blows over it.

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7
Q

How are the currents driven by temp?

A

Heat from the sun on the ocean alters the density of the ocean surface directly by its changing its temp and salinity. This results in the density-dependent known as the thermohaline circulation.

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8
Q

How are currents driven by gravity?

A

The gravity affects the tides as when the moon sun and earth make a right angle the tides are at its lowest and when they are in a line they are at the highest.

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9
Q

How does upwelling effect water, heat and nutrients?

A

A process in which deep, cold water rises towards the surface. Nutrients are welled up from below.

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10
Q

How does El nino and La nina effect nutrients water and heat?

A

El Nino: Reduces upwelling and decreases nutrient availability
La Nina: Enhances upwelling, increases nutrient availability.

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11
Q

How does Langmuir circulation affect the nutrients, heat and temp?

A

A vertical circulation which brings deeper water rich in nutrients to the surface.

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12
Q

What is the Ekman spiral?

A

Ekman spiral drives upwelling and moves nutrients into the euphotic zone.

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13
Q

What is the thermohaline circulation?

A

Thermohaline is the encompasses both horizontal and vertical movement of water masses. It controls the vertical distribution of temp and salinity. Cold and salt= denser.

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14
Q

What is the halocline?

A

Halocline is the vertical zone in the oceanic water column in which salinity changes rapidly with depth.

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15
Q

What is the pylocline

A

The pylocline is the boundary separating two liquid layers of different densities.

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16
Q

How awesome is loren

A

very

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17
Q

What is heat capacity?

A

Heat capacity refers to the exact amount of heat needed to make one unit of mass of a substance get one degree warmer.

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18
Q

What is hydrogen bonding?

A

Hydrogen bonding is the bond that is formed between the positive hydrogen atom of 1 water molecule and the negative oxygen atom of another water molecule.

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19
Q

What is a sand budget?

A

Sand budget is a costal management tool used to analyse and describe the different sediment inputs and outputs along our coastline.

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20
Q

What is a longshore drift?

A

Longshore drift is a geological process that consists of the transportation of sediments along a coast parallel to the shoreline, which is dependent on oblique incoming wave swell directions.

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21
Q

How do tectonic plates affect coastlines?

A

Tectonic plates: Plate tectonics cause land to rise or fall, creating various costal features.

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22
Q

How do shifts in climate patterns and sea level affect coastlines?

A

Shifts in climate patterns and sea level change: Sea-level change due to global or local factors result in emergent or submergent Coasts.

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23
Q

How do weather patters affect coastlines?

A

Weather patterns constantly move sand from place to place on beaches.
Movement of sediment is greatest in high wave energy areas such as the gold and sunshine beaches.

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24
Q

What is a wave refraction?

A

A refraction in the ocean is the charge in direction of waves that occue when the wave travel from deep to shallow water.

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25
What is a wave reflection?
A wave reflection is the reflection of ocean waves is the charge of direction of a waterfront as it strikes something in the water and so that the wavefront returns to the water.
26
What is a wave diffraction?
A wave diffraction is ocean waves bending of waves around obstacles and openings.
27
What are the three main types of diversity?
Genetic, species and ecosystem diversity
28
What is genetic diversity?
The variety of genetic material present in a gene pool or population of species.
29
What is species diversity?
The variety of species per unit of area that includes both number of species present and their relative abundance.
30
What is ecosystem diversity?
The variety of species present per unit of ecosystem, comprising variety of habitats, number of ecological niches, trophic levels, ecological processes and the associated communities.
31
What is wide dispersal at sea?
Reproductive cycle of a wide variety of marine life is dependent on the sea for dispersal, ensures greater biodiversity in many regions
32
What is structural complexity requirements?
Functioning of the marine environment is dependent on its integrity.
33
What are critical nursery habitats
Nursery habitats is a subset of all habitats where juvenile of a species occur.
34
What are estuaries?
An estuary is a partially enclosed costal body of brackish water with one or more rivers flowing into it with connection to open sea.
35
What are costal lakes?
A costal lake is a body of costal water with a barrier between it and the sea.
36
What are salt marshes?
A body of water in the upper costal intertidal zone between land and open saltwater or brackish water that is regularly flooded by the tides.
37
What are mangroves?
A mangrove is a salt tolerant shrub or small tree growing often in low oxygenated mud in intertidal coast saline or brackish water.
38
What is sea grass?
Flowering plants which grow in Marine, fully saline environment.
39
What are rock pools?
Shallow pools of seawater that form on the rocky intertidal shore. Pools exist as separate bodies of water at low tide.
40
What are tropical reefs?
Rock, sand, coral lying beneath surface of water. Many reefs result from abiotic processes.
41
What is a lagoon?
A body of costal water with a sand or reef barrier that can intermittently close with sand accretion formed by longshore drift of the tide.
42
What is a shelf?
A portion of a continent that is submerged under an area of relatively shallow water known as a shelf area.
43
What is a natural hazard?
A natural phenomenon that might have a negative effect on humans or the environment and can be classified into two broad categories: Geophysical and biological.
44
What are loss/fragments of habitats?
The emergence of discontinuities (Fragmentation) in an organism’s habitat, causing population fragmentation and ecosystem delay. (Building roads)
45
What is pollution?
The introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Light, littering, noise etc
46
What is over explotation?
Harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns. Overexploitation can lead to the destruction of the resource an prevent future exploitations
47
What is an introduction of a new species?
Introducing non-native species to a new environment
48
What is disease?
Adnormal condition in a plant that interferes with its vital physiological processes, caused by pathogenic microorganisms, parasites, unfavourable environments, genetic or nutritional factors
49
What are the diversity loss factors?
Natural hazard, loss/fragment of habitat, pollution, over expolitation, introduction of a new species and disease
50
What is ecosystem resilience?
The ability of an ecosystem to recover from a disturbance or withstand ongoing pressure.
51
What is ecosystem disturbance?
temporary change in environmental conditions that alters physical structures or arrangements of biotic and abiotic with an ecosystem. Also occur over larger timespan scales and affects diversity.
52
What is ecosystem recovery?
The return of a damaged ecological system and associated ecosystem to a stable state.
53
What is symbiosis?
Any type of close and long-term interaction between two different biological organisms.
54
What are the four types of symbiosis?
Parasitism, mutualism, commensalism, Ammensalism
55
What is parasitism?
A relationship where one organism, the parasite, benefits by living on or in another organism causing it harm and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
56
What is mutualism
Two organisms exist in a relationship in which each individual benefits from the activity of each other.
57
What is commensalism?
One member of the species gains benefits while the other are neither benefited nor harmed.
58
What is Ammensalism
One species is either harmed or killed by the other and one is unaffected.
59
What is intraspecific competition?
When members of the same species compete for the same resources in an ecosystem
60
What is predetation?
A biological interaction where a predator kills and eats its prey. Predators can be apex or not.
60
What is interspecific competion?
Individuals of different species compete for the same resource in an ecosystem.
61
What are producers?
Plants and algae, do not eat other organisms, pull nutrients from soil, ocean and manufacture their own food through photo synthesis.
62
What are consumers?
Are species that can not manufacture their own food and need to consume other organisms.
63
What are decomposers?
Break down dead plants and animal matters and wastes and release it again as energy and nutrients into the ecosystem for recycling.
64
What is bioaccumulation?
The accumulation of a toxic substance in one’s body. The ETX concentration increase with every trophic level of the food chain via biomagnification. Biomagnification is the magnification of a toxic chemical as it moves from one trophic level to another.
65
What is population density?
simply population size per unit of area.
66
What is population dynamics?
compares the number of species entering a population (birth rate and immigration) to the number of species leaving/death rate over time.
67
What is carrying capacity?
The carrying capacity is the maximum population size that a given area can sustain. Population stops growing in size when at carrying capacity.
68
What is the K-strategies?
K-strategies is a term given to populations whose population size is density-dependent and therefor stops growing in size at carrying capacity.
69
What are r-strategies?
R-strategies are populations who size is density-independent. Their morality is controlled by whatever the catastrophe is. The R stands for rate of increase. Their life strategy is to grow and reproduce as fast as they can between catastrophes.
70
What is a niche?
Niche is the role of functions of an organism in an ecosystem where it lives and what it does. The competitive exclusion principle tells us that two species cant have exactly the same niche in a habitat and stably exist. Species with identical niches also have identical needs and compete for the same resources.
71
What are keystone species?
Keystone species have a disproportionately larger influence on their environment.
72
What is a tolerance limit?
A tolerance limit is the upper and lower limit to the range of a particular environment. Factors in which an organism can survive. Organisms with a wide range of tolerance are usually distributed widely, while those with a narrow range have a more restricted distribution.
73
What is a limiting factor?
A limiting factor is a component of an ecosystem which limits the distribution or numbers of a population. A limiting factor defines optimal survival conditions according to its effect on a species when its effect on a species when in deficiency or excess.
74

Marine unit one and two (1 decks)

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