unit one Flashcards
what were Plato’s beliefs on developmental psychology?
parenting should focus on teaching self-control and disciple
knowledge is inate
what were Aristotle’s beliefs on developmental psychology?
parenting should consider unique needs of each child
knowledge is from experience
what were Locke’s beliefs on developmental psychology?
parenting should be about growth of character
freedom should be gradually increased
tabula rasa (blank slate)
what were Rosseau’s beliefs on developmetnal psychology?
parents should give maximum freedom
knowledge comes from spontaneous interactions (no school)
what were Darwin’s beliefs on developmental psychology?
children should be included in research since they provide insight into people in general
what is a cross-sectional design?
participants are studied once for a short period of time
what are some problems with cross-sectional designs?
cohort issues
no info on individual development
what is a microgenetic design?
particpants are studied multiple times for a short period of time
what are some issues with microgenetic designs?
practice effects
demands on people
when are microgenetic designs usually used?
transitional stages of developmental processes
what are longitudinal designs?
participants are studied for a long period of time?
what are some problems with longitudinal designs?
losing participants and keeping a representative sample
what is a sequential design?
measures each cohort at a different time but same age
what was the first ever development study?
darwin recording his son’s development
what are the eight best practices of child research?
- incluson of mionrs
- consent to research (parents)
- assent to research (child)
- risk and benefit analysis
- privacy and confidentiality
- return of research
- payment
- research ethics board (with developmental psychologist)
what are the types of payment for research?
reimbursement
payment
apreciation
incentive
what is the amniotic fluid?
protective barrier that keeps a consistent temperature
what is the amniotic sac?
tranparent membrane
what is teh placenta?
semi-permeable membrane to allow material exchange
what is teh umbillical cord?
tube with blood vessels that connects fetus to placenta
what is the fetal experience of visual stimuli?
can process from 3rd trimester and show a preference for light from aboce
what is the fetal experience of touch?
common to touch face and grab umbillical cord
when do fetus move?
movement at 5-6 weeks
hiccups at 7 weeks
fetal breathing at 10 weeks
what is the fetal experience of hearing?
womb is very loud
fetus can react to mom’s voice
what is the fetal experience of smell/taste?
fetus can taste/smell different thigns from mom’s diet and prefer sweet things
what are the types of genetic testing?
chorionic villus sampling (from placenta at 10-13 weeks) and amniocentesis )from amniotic fluid at 15-20 weeks)
what are the main ponts of piagets theory?
child as scientist
children have intrinsic motivation
4 stages
what are “rules” for piagets stages?
invariently sequenced
qualitative change with broad applications
brief transitions
what are piaget’s stages?
sensorimotor stage (birth-2)
preoperational stage (2-7)
concrete operational stage (7-12)
formal operational stage (12+)
what happens in the sensorimotor stage?
object permanence (with A-not-B errors)
deferred imitation (enduring mental representations)
what happens in the preoperational stage?
symbolic representation
egocentrism
centrism
dont understand conservationism
what happens in the concrete operational stage?
logical reasoning about concrete things (conservationism)
no centrism or egocentrism
cannot create systematic tests or reason hypothetically
what happens in the formal operational stage?
abstract and hypothetical reasoning and thinking
not universal
what are weaknesses of piagets theory?
-vague growth mechanisms
- understating competency
- understating social role
- overstating consistency of thinking
how does info processing theory view children?
as an active problem solver with a brain like a well integrated (computer) system
what does info processing theory disagree with Piaget on?
believes that development is continuous (no stages)
what is task anaylsis?
loking at goals, prior knowlege, potential solutions, and obstacles
how do info processing theory believe cognitive development happens?
through the development of memory, problem solving, and executive function
what is overlapping waves theory?
using multiple problem solving strategies at once
how does core knowlege theory view children?
as a well adapted product of evolution
what are the two types of core knowledge theorists?
nativist - babies know everything
constructivist - babies build on core knowledge using culture and social
who was the founder of sociocultural theory?
Vgotsky
how does sociocultural theory view children?
as a social learner
how do sociocultural theorists believe cognitive development happens?
through guided participation
what is an example of guided participation?
social scaffolding
what are the zones of learning?
out of reach (anxiety zone) -> poximal development (learning) zone -> achieved development (comfort zone)
how does dynamic systems thoery view children?
as constantly variable and changing
what does dynamic systems thoery take from piaget?
intrinsic motivation of children to learn
what does dynamic systems thoery take from sociocultural?
that people are essential to children development
what does dynamic systems thoery take from info processing?
focus on problem solving
what does dynamic systems thoery take from core knowledge?
babies are competent very early in life
how does dynamic systems thoery believe cognitive development happens?
thorugh actions
how does dynamic systems thoery imagine a child’s brain?
as “soft” assembled into a system of subtypes
