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AH Biology > Unit one > Flashcards

Unit one Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Linear dilution?

A

dilutions by equal intervals

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2
Q

What is Log dilution?

A

dilutions differ by a constant proportion

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3
Q

What does a standard curve do?

A

determines the unknown

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4
Q

Why is a buffer used?

A

To control the pH

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5
Q

What is a colorimeter used for?

A

To quantify concentrations and the turbidity

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6
Q

What does Centrifudge do?

A

separates substances based in density

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7
Q

what is chromatography used for?

A

Separating substances

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8
Q

What is affinity chromatography?

A

method used to separate proteins

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9
Q

How does affinity chromatography work?

A

Gel colum is created with specific receptors bound to it. As the proteins pass through the column the target proteins become attached

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10
Q

what is gel electrophoresis

A

process used to separate proteins and nuclei gels

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11
Q

what is the proteome?

A

entire set of proteins expressed by a genome

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12
Q

why is the proteome larger?

A

more than one protein can be produced from a single gene

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13
Q

what is included in the mature mRNA transcript?

A

different combinations of exons

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14
Q

what happens to transcribed DNA

A

once transcribed the DNA goes through alternative splicing to create a mature transcript. This is then formed into a poly peptide. post translational modifications then take place to form proteins.

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15
Q

what happens when the protein make bonds when changing shape

A

proteolytic cleavage

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16
Q

why is it called rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

there are ribosomes on the outside of it

17
Q

what is the golgi apparatus

A

series of discs

18
Q

what is the functions of the golgi apparatus

A

protein secretion ( pack it up and send it out to the cell )

19
Q

what do lysosomes do

A

carry hydrolyses

20
Q

what are hydrolyases

A

enzymes which are involved in the digestion of lipids and proteins

21
Q

what do vesicles do

A

transport proteins ( take packaged proteins to the golgi apparatus )

22
Q

why do eukaryotic cells require a system of internal membranes?

A

it allows for compartments to be formed in cell organelles and provides a surface area for vital functions performed by internal membranes

23
Q

what happens in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

lipids are synthesised

24
Q

where does the synthesis of proteins occur

A

cytosolic ribosomes

25
Q

what are transmembrane proteins

A

proteins that carry a signal sequence which halts translation and forms the Rough endoplasmic reticulum

26
Q

why do eukaryotic cells require a system of internal membranes?

A

it allows increased compartmentalisation in the cell and increases the surface area

27
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum involved in?

A

involved if the synthesis of the parts of the plasma membrane

28
Q

where are lipids formed

A

on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

29
Q

where are proteins made

A

cytosolic ribosome

30
Q

State the processes that occur as the protein moves through the golgi apparatus?

A

post translational modifications

31
Q

Name some secretory proteins and describe the movement of these proteins from translation to secretion?

A

digestive enzyme and they live from translation to secretion y being translated on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and then secreted through the golgi apparatus then through the plasma membrane of the cell

32
Q

primary structure

A

It’s the structure in which amino acids are synthesised. amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

33
Q

secondary

A

hydrogen bonds along the backbone of the protein strand

34
Q

what do kinases do

A

add phosphate to proteins

35
Q

what removes phosphate from proteins?

A

phosphotases

36
Q

what is the concentration gradient?

A

difference in concentration of a solute across a membrane

37
Q

what is the electrical potential difference

A

it is what is created when there is a difference in electrical charge on the two sides of the membrane

38
Q

what does the electrochemical gradient do

A

it determines the transport of the solute

39
Q

what is the sodium potassium pump do?

A

generates the ion concentration gradient for glucose symport

AH Biology (1 decks)

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