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BIOL 200 > unit one > Flashcards

unit one Flashcards

1
Q

what is a cell?

A

a membrane bound autonomous living unit capable of carrying out essential life processes: the basic unit of life

can be eukaryotic or prokaryotic (no membrane bound organelles)

can be unicellular organisms, or can be units in a multicellular organism

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2
Q

what can a cell do?

A

maintain stable internal environment with concentration of ions and molecules different from the outside (homeostasis)

can assimilate and transform material (carry out metabolism - make atp)

most reproduce - contain hereditary material

may have specialized functions

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3
Q

are viruses cells? why?

A

no

they cannot carry out their own metabolic activity

they also require a host to survive and carry out processes

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4
Q

are mitochondria cells? why?

A

no

they are an organelle

they are also not fully autonomous

they USED to be cells, but they are no longer

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5
Q

how can you tell if prokaryotic?

A

there will be no membrane bound organelles, no cytoskeleton

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6
Q

what is an organism?

A

a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently

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7
Q

what are organisms capable of?

A

metabolism/ maintenance of homeostasis

growth & reproduction

respond to the environment

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8
Q

do differentiated cells in a multicellular organism have different or the same genome? how is/ are the genome(s) expressed?

A

they have the same genome with different subset of genes expressed in each

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9
Q

what does it mean by all cells have similar genetic instructions?

A
  • stored in DNA molecules (as genes)
  • constructed out of the same chemical building blocks
  • interpreted by essentially the same chemical machinery
  • duplicated in similar ways
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10
Q

what is an organelle?

A

a specialized subcellular structure having a special function

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11
Q

why are organelles important?

A

1) control of passage of materials between compartments by forming compartments
2) provide optimal local environment for metabolic reactions and other functions
3) high local concentration within compartments can be achieved

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12
Q

what are the different features between animal and plant cells?

A
  • cell walls
  • vacuoles
  • chloroplast
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13
Q

what are the 3 most important membrane bound organelles in an eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus
ER
Golgi apparatus

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14
Q

what is a nucleus?

A

double membrane bound organelle containing DNA

most prominent organelle in a eukaryotic cell

has the nucleolus which makes ribosomes

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15
Q

what is the ER?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

network of flattened, interconnected sacs & vesicles occupying much of the cytoplasm

ribosomes bound to the cytosolic surface of the ER are sites of protein synthesis

there is a rough ER and smooth ER

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16
Q

what is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?

A

rough - ribosomes - protein synthesis

smooth - lipid synthesis & detoxify cell

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17
Q

what is the golgi apparatus?

A

series of flattened membranous sacs, which receive and chemically modify the molecules (proteins) made in the ER and direct them to various locations

sorts proteins

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18
Q

what is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol?

A

cytoplasm: interior contents of the cell

cytosol: the gel-like matrix of the cell

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19
Q

what do ribosomes do?

A

make proteins

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20
Q

what is the plasma membrane?

A

separates cell from the environment

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21
Q

what is the lysosome?

A

breaks down unwanted material

only in animals

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22
Q

what is the mitochondria?

A

makes energy for the cell (ATP)

eukaryotic cells only

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23
Q

what is a chloroplast?

A

makes food in plant cells

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24
Q

what is a vacuole?

A

stores water in plant cells

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25
Q

what are vesicles?

A

ship material around the cell

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26
Q

what is the cell wall?

A

rigid barrier that protects the cell

only plant cells and fungus

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27
Q

what are the main differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

prokaryotes:
- no membrane bound organelles
- no nucleus - DNA is in nucleoid
- have circular DNA known as plasmids
- typically smaller

eukaryotes:
- have membrane bound organelles
- have nucelus
- linear DNA
- transcription and translation are separated
- typically larger

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28
Q

how to evaluate microscopy?

A

1) what is the scale?
2) what features of the cell can I see?
3) is it in black and white or in colour?

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29
Q

what is the order of the scale of things?

A

1) unaided eye
2) light microscope
3) electron microscope

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30
Q

what is the scale range for the unaided eye?

A

20 - 0.2 mm

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31
Q

what is the scale range for the light microscope?

A

20 - 0.2 um

32
Q

what is the scale range for the electron microscope?

A

20 - 0.2 nm

33
Q

what is the scale of things?

A

1 m = 1000 milimetre (mm)
1 mm = 1000 micrometer (um)
1 um = 1000 nanometer (nm)

34
Q

what is the range of whole cells?

A

10 - 100 um

35
Q

what is the range of organelles?

A

1 - 10 um

36
Q

what range are macromolecules in?

A

macromolecules and their assemblies in the nm range

37
Q

what determines what features of the cell you can see?

A

magnification and resolution

38
Q

what is magnification?

A

expanding something in apparent size

the ratio of the size of an image to the size of the object

39
Q

what is resolution?

A

the closest spacing of 2 points which can be distinguished as separate entities

higher the resolution = smaller pixel size

40
Q

what is resolution dependent on?

A

dependent on the

wavelength of the beam used to detect the image

the ability of the objective lens to gather light

41
Q

what needs to happen to resolution if magnification increases?

A

resolution needs to increase

42
Q

what needs to happen to resolution if magnification decreases?

A

resolution still needs to be high

43
Q

what are the two types of microscopy?

A

light microscopy and electron microscopy

44
Q

why do we use light microscopy?

A

to see live cells, colour, and whole tissues

45
Q

what are the types of light microscopy?

A

transmitted LM (brightfield)

emitted LM (fluorescence)

46
Q

what is electron microscopy?

A

beam of e-

has high resolution

47
Q

what are the two types of electron microscopy?

A

transmission EM and scanning EM

48
Q

what is transmitted LM?

A

light passes through specimen and viewed

main type is bright field

49
Q

what is emitted LM?

A

coloured light (or lasers) of specific wavelengths are used to excite photons that are then emitted using a different wavelength by sample and viewed

50
Q

what are the 3 types of emitted LM?

A
  1. Fluorescence
  2. immunofluorescence
  3. confocal
51
Q

what is brightfield light microscopy?

A

uses white light, collects all scattered light

the specimen must be thin enough so the light can actually pass through

52
Q

what organelles can you see using a brightfield LM?

A

nucleus and cell membrane

53
Q

how does fluorescence light microscopy work?

A
  • uses light of one wavelength to excite fluorochrome
  • collects light emitted by that fluorochrome
  • microscope uses a filter to filter out other wavelength
  • molecules or structures are fluorescently labeled
  • epifluorescence microscopes are used to illuminate the whole sample with a light source and the emitted light from the fluorescent label is detected
54
Q

what is the purpose of fluorescence?

A

purpose is to localize molecules or structures in cells

55
Q

what can the structures inside cells be labelled with (fluorescence)?

A

fluorochromes
fluorochrome - linked antibodies
GFP and GFP variants

56
Q

what do direct fluorescent dyes label?

A

membrane

nucleus (binds DNA)

mitochondria

cytoskeleton

57
Q

how does immunofluorescence work?

A

localizes proteins of interest in a cell using primary antibodies

secondary antibodies covalently linked to a fluorescent molecules recognize the primary antibody; provides signal amplification

used to locate specific cellular structures

58
Q

how does GFP-fusion work?

A

GFP (green fluorescent protein) comes from bioluminescent jellyfish

proteins fused with GFP can be tracked moving inside cells

GFP gene can be molecularly fused to your gene of interest and transferred inside cells

GFP can be recombined with genes of interest in model organisms

GDP is expressed with the host gene of interest

GFP is used to follow a gene of interest

59
Q

how can you tell if it’s fluorescence microscopy?

A
  • black background
  • only see what got labelled
60
Q

summarize fluorochromes

A

compounds that absorb light of one wavelength and release light at a different wavelength (coloured light)

fluorescence stains cause cell components to flow, a phenomenon called fluorescence

61
Q

what has fluorescence microscopy allow for?

A

made live-cell imaging

62
Q

describe traditional fluorescence microscopy

A
  • entire specimen is illuminated
  • fluroescence detected above and below the plane of focus tends to blur the image
63
Q

describe confocal fluorescence light microscopy

A

has better resolution

incoming light is focused on a single plane

out of focus fluorescence from the specimen is excluded

use of lasers and optical sectioning removes out of focus light (increases resolution of light microscope)

allows optical sectioning which can be layered on top of each other to see full image

64
Q

summarize LM.

A
  • view fixed cells/ tissue in colour if stained
  • can view live cells
  • limit of resolution is 0.2 um
65
Q

what are the two types of EM?

A

transmission EM (TEM)

scanning EM (SEM)

66
Q

does EM or LM have higher resolution?

A

EM

67
Q

what is the resolution limit for EM?

A

0.2 nm

68
Q

what colour are EM pictures?

A

black and white

69
Q

what does EM use to generate images?

A

uses a beam of e- instead of a beam of light (LM)

uses electromagnetic lenses instead of glass lenses to focus this beam upon the specimen

70
Q

how does TEM work?

A

the specimen is usually stained with a heavy metal to enhance contrast

beam of e passes through the specimen

transmitted electrons are detected to form an image

71
Q

what are the advantages of TEM?

A
  • details of cytoplasm can be seen from organelles down to macromolecules (samples are cut into ultrathin sections)
72
Q

what are the disadvantages of TEM?

A

cells must be fixed (not live)

complex specimen separation

difficult to know 3d shape of structures - we only get a 2D image

73
Q

how does SEM work?

A

the sample is coated with metal

electron beam is focused on the specimen

secondary electrons are knocked out of the specimen

a detector collects these scattered secondary electrons to build an image

74
Q

what are the advantages of SEM?

A

can view surface topology in great detail

the images are 3D due to the shadow effect

75
Q

what are the disadvantages of TEM?

A

cells must be fixed (not live)

can’t see internal stuff

76
Q

does SEM or TEM have better resolution?

A

TEM has higher resolution

77
Q

what type of microscope uses optical slicing?

A

confocal

BIOL 200 (3 decks)

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