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Microbiology > Unit one > Flashcards

Unit one Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What organisms were the first with photosynthesis and what happened as a result of this

A

cyanobacteria but the oxygen they gave off was pollution for the organisms thus caused a mass extinction

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2
Q

What organisms are archaea closest related to

A

eukaryotes which come from the fusion of bacteria and archaea

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3
Q

what advantage and disadvantage do eukaryotes have over prokaryotes

A

eukaryotes are much larger and structurally complex but has simplistic biochemical capabilities.

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4
Q

What advantage and disadvantage do prokaryotes have over eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes are much more inventive (can go through any chemical reaction that is favorable) but do not have the energy to become more diverse due to lack of mitochondria

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5
Q

How do prokaryotes obtain energy

A

proton motor force

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6
Q

Explain the relationship between wolbachia and insects

A

2/3 of insects are infected with wolbachia (bacteria) which have developed the ability to take in sugar (from sap) and make amino acids for the insects

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7
Q

How does a higher SA:vol ratio help bacteria

A

allows better exchange of nutrients and replicate faster

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8
Q

How do bacteria affect global climate change

A

marine algae produce large amounts of DMSP when stressed by UV rays; this causes DMS to be broken down by bacteria which contributes to cloud formation covering the sun making less UV rays

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9
Q

What do cocci look like

A

spheres

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10
Q

what do clusters look like and how do they divide

A

resemble grapes and divide in any plane

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11
Q

what do chain of cocci look like and how do they divide

A

like chains of cocci and can divide on only one plane

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12
Q

what do micrococcus look like and how do they divide

A

like tiny grapes and can divide in two planes

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13
Q

what do diploccoccus look like

A

two balls

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14
Q

what are bacillary look like

A

rods

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15
Q

what do coccobacillus look like

A

a mix between rods and coccoid

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16
Q

what do curved rods look like

A

worms

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17
Q

what do spiral bacteria look like

A

corkscrews

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18
Q

what do caulobacter crescentus look like

A

a bean split in half long ways and one side with a rod used to get nutrients and the other with flagella used for movement

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19
Q

what are mycoplasms and how do they look

A

cell that lost the ability to from cell walls; look like vases

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20
Q

describe the membrane of bacteria

A

fatty acid chain that is nonpolar and hydrophobic and phosphate that is polar and hydrophilic

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21
Q

what is most of the bacterial membrane made of

A

2/3 protein that is mainly used for energy or transportation

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22
Q

what does cholesterol do to the membrane and what bacteria have it

A

alters fluidity and is only found in mycoplasm and methylotrophic bacteria

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23
Q

what do hopanoids do to bacteria

A

strengthen the membrane

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24
Q

what are the differences in the plasma membrane for arhaea and bacteria

A

bacteria use ester linkages between their glycerol and fatty acids; compared to the ether linkages in archaea they are less stable making them more susceptible to hydrolysis

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25
Q

Why are the linkages in the plasma membrane of archaea more stable than in bacteria

A

The linkages use phytanyls instead of fatty acids and have cyclopentane rings

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26
Q

What are the function of microcompartments

A

to retain volatiles like CO2

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27
Q

How does a carboxysome work

A

Bicarbonate is brought into the cell which is then made into CO2 by Carbonic anhydrase; the CO2 is then turned into its organic from

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28
Q

What is another function of carboxysome

A

to keep O out so that is isn’t used with rubisco to produce wasteful products

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29
Q

what is a paralog and how is it advantagous

A

occassional duplication of a gene which can create novel functions

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30
Q

How is DNA stored in prokaryotes

A

it is semi-condensed by being wrapped around proteins or histones for archaea

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31
Q

How does DNA gyrase work

A

makes negative supercoils by cutting DNA passing one through the other and then resealing it; works ahead of DNA replication as that creates positive supercoils

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32
Q

What con comes from DNA gyrase

A

It condenses DNA making it hard for it to be transcribed so only infrequently DNA is supercoiled while frequently used DNA is left on the ends to be transcribed

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33
Q

How can DNA gyrase be used to fight off prokaryotes

A

DNA gyrase is only found in prokaryotes so antibacteria medicine can target it

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34
Q

What are the two types of bacteria and how are they different

A

gram positive which have a lot of peptidoglycan in its cell wall and gram negative which have little peptidoglycan but a periplasmic space and an outer membrane

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35
Q

Which type of bacteria can control its chemical composition of its periplasmic space

A

gram negative bacteria

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36
Q

What is peptidoglycan made of

A

glycan and a peptide. The glycan alternates between NAM and NAG linked by a beta 1,4 linkage and the peptide is made of four amino acids

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37
Q

What is the difference between NAM and NAG

A

NAM is able to bind to a lactic acid and is exclusive to bacteria.

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38
Q

What are the four amino acids in peptidoglycan

A

L alanine, D glutamic acid, D alanine and DAP which can form an extra peptide bond to increase structural integrity

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39
Q

What type of bacteria is DAP exclusive to and what does the other type of bacteria use

A

DAP is exclusive to gram negative bacteria while gram positive bacteria use lysine

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40
Q

How does cross linking happen with peptidoglycan

A

Gram positive bacteria use an interbridge made of glycines that uses sortase while gram negative bacteria creates direct crosslinks

41
Q

What is psuedopeptidoglycan

A

found in some archaea that uses NAG and TAO and only uses L forms

42
Q

What is the use of cycloserine

A

Can be used agaisnt peptidoglycan synthesization in which it prevents the converting of L alanine to D alanine and connections between D alanine and L alalnine

43
Q

How do our bodies’ innate defense system fight bacteria

A

TLRs are used to recognize peptidoglycan and other MAMPS which will cuase a phosphorylation cascade that releases a cytokine gradient that white blood cells will follow

44
Q

What are beta lactams and how do they work

A

antibiotics that stop peptidoglycan synthesization by inhibiting the cross linking of peptidases via inhibiting transpeptidases

45
Q

How does vancomycin prevent cross linking

A

binds to peptides as they cross the cell

46
Q

what type of bacteria are resistant to vancomycin and why

A

gram negative bacteria since the vancomycin is too large to cross the membrane

47
Q

What type of bacteria are resistant to beta lactams and how

A

Gram negative bacteria which have beta lactamase that break down beta lactam rings making it so that they can’t bind to transpeptidases

48
Q

What is teichoic acid

A

molecule that when in the membrane of only gram positive bacteria gives them greater stuctural strength

49
Q

What is Braun’s lipoprotein do

A

Connects peptidoglycan and outer membrane in gram negative bacteria; without it the outer membrane would drift away

50
Q

What are a signature molecule of gram negative bacteria

A

lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which introduces cytokines and is involved in the immune system and can take out worn proteins via vesiculation

51
Q

what does the membrane of mycobacterium look like

A

gram positive bacteria

52
Q

What makes it hard to stain mycobacterium

A

Arabinan that gives the cell a waxy coating making it hydrophobic

53
Q

What are capsules

A

type of glycalyx that is important for virulence as it makes bacteria too slimy for phagocytosis

54
Q

How do capsules help bacteria during hard environmental times

A

keeps it hydrated, excludes toxins and viruses, and can be used as an energy source

55
Q

what is the griffith experiment

A

When S. pneumonia was grown in agar it would from a capsule that killed mice however a mutation occured that resulted in no capsule that would not kill mice. When dead capsules were injected alongside the mutations the mice would die giving rise to the idea of transformation

56
Q

What are fimbriae

A

numerous short appendages used to help bacteria adhere to receptors and movement

57
Q

What are pili

A

long rod-like extensions that an be used for DNA exchange; usually only one or two on a cell

58
Q

How are pili used for DNA exchange

A

they connect the cytoplasms of cells and pull them together

59
Q

what are polar bacteria

A

monotrichous or one flagella

60
Q

what are peritrichous bacteria

A

flagellum all over the place

61
Q

what are amphotrichous bacteria

A

flagellum at each pole

62
Q

what are lophotrichous bacteria

A

tuft of flagella are one pole

63
Q

What are the three structures of flagellum and what do they do

A

filament: drives motility
hook: attaches basal body to filament
basal body: has four rings in gram negative and two in gram positive

64
Q

What is a mot protein

A

protein in flagellum that covers the two lower rings of the basal body and drives rotation via PMF

65
Q

what rings in flagellum are used in the outer membrane and peptidoglycan

A

L ring for the outer membrnae and P ring for peptidoglycan

66
Q

What are the two rings present in both types of bacteria

A

C ring that is in contact with the cytoplasm and MS ring that spans the membrane

67
Q

What way do flagellum spin to create movement vs tumbling

A

counter clockwise for movement and clockwise for tumbling

68
Q

what are spirochetes

A

bacteria in a corkscrew shape that move vial axial filaments

69
Q

How do bacteria/archaea sense concentration gradients

A

MCPs that are bound by repellants and attractants which cause phosphorylation of protiens when not suppressed by an attractant

70
Q

What is the process by which bacteria continue movement

A

When attractants bind to MCP CheA remain unphosphorylated; but if left unphosphorylated for too long CheR adds methyl grops to MCPs which will cause CheA to be phosphorylated

71
Q

What is the process for bacterial tumbling

A

When an MCP is not activated CheA will autophosphorylate causing CheB and CheY to be phosphorylated. the phosphates from these are transferred to the basal body to trigger tumbling. CheZ will then take phosphate off of CheY to stop tumbling

72
Q

What does CheW do in chemotaxis

A

connect the MCPs to allow for communication

73
Q

What is the type one secretion pathway

A

protein is made in the cytoplasm, it binds to proteins in the cytoplasmic membrane, those proteins will hydroyze ATP and the protein will be transported through TolC

74
Q

What are the restrictions of the type one sectretion system

A

only used for gram negative bacteria and cytoplasmic membrane proteins are only for specific proteins

75
Q

What is the sec dependent pathway

A

Ribosome translate mRNA into a protein, protein is accompanied by two chaperone proteins to prevent protein folding, chaperone proteins brng protein to translocon, secA pushes protein across secYEG, signal sequence is cleaved off protein

76
Q

What are the restrictions of the sec dependent pathway

A

only works with unfolded proteins and if in gram negative bacteria another process is needed for outer membrane

77
Q

what is the process of type 2 protein secretion pathway

A

ATP is hydrolyzed to secrete proteins across the membrane and pseudopilus extend to push molecues out of the cell then contract back via ATP hydrolysis

78
Q

What are the restictions of the type 2 protein secretion pathway

A

only in gram negative bacteria, uses many proteins, and only uses folded proteins

79
Q

What is the type six secretion pathway

A

Hollow protein is loaded with toxins and effectors (change physiological shape) and put inside of the Hcp tube which is a hollow tube on the inside of the sheath. the sheath extends then pushes the Hcp tube out to release the toxins

80
Q

What are endospores

A

bacteria built to survive in feast or famine enviroments

81
Q

What characteristics make endospores great at surviving

A

has multiple coats, high amount of peptidoglycan, pumps water out, SASPs bind DNA to prevent radiation

82
Q

How do endospores from

A

cell becomes a cannibal once it senses lack of food, DNA is replicated and highly condensed via SASPs, water is actively pumped out and coat layers form, vegetative cell disintegrates and spore is released

83
Q

how are microbes useful in bioremediation

A

Syntrophy which is when a community of bacteria break one compound into another so another bacteria can break that down so another can break that down and so on

84
Q

What does photo mean

A

light energy

85
Q

what does litho mean

A

electrons come from inorganic sources

86
Q

What does autho mean

A

takes in inorganic CO2 and makes organic molecules

87
Q

what does chemo mean

A

uses chemical energy

88
Q

What does organo mean

A

electrons come from organic matter

89
Q

what does hetero mean

A

uses reduced, preformed organic molecueles

90
Q

what is simple transport driven by

A

PMF

91
Q

What does a symporter do and what type of transport system does it use

A

moves specific molecules and protons across the membrane, uses simple transport

92
Q

What does an antiporter do and what type of transport system does it use

A

brings protons in while exporting cations; can be used to shield cell from antibiotics uses simple transport

93
Q

What does a uniporter do and what type of transport system is it

A

transport a molecule but not protons; since molecueles are positively charged there is no need for a proton also reduces charge differential

94
Q

what is group translocation and where does the energy come from

A

chemical modification of transported substances (usually sugars); energy comes from phosphorylation event in cell

95
Q

Why is iron so hard for bacteria to get

A

It is mostly insoluble in its most abundant form thus unable to be broken down and the iron that humans have is tightly bound to proteins that bacteria cannot reach

96
Q

What is nutritional immunity

A

Immunity to bacteria by restricting their access to needed nutrients

97
Q

How do bacteria get iron

A

Secreting siderophores into the environment that hunt for iron and hopefully find some bacteria to give the iron to

98
Q

What are the siderophores of marine bacteria

A

aquachelin that form a bubble to 7 iron

Microbiology (5 decks)

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