UNIT ONE

Question 1

descriptive knowledge

Answer 1

descriptive behaviors that can be measured, calculated, and classified.

Question 2

predictive knowledge

Answer 2

using prior knowledge to predict a new behavior

Question 3

understanding

Answer 3

being able to take what you know and be able to determine the relationship and/or cause

Question 4

what are the three types of knowledge?

Answer 4

descriptive, predictive, and understanding

Question 5

what is the most common and important knowledge we have?

Answer 5

predictive knowledge

Question 6

example: recording practice problems for causal effects

Answer 6

predictive knowledge

Question 7

example: “I want to know if I can anticipate students’ score on exam one from performance on their homework and assignment”

Answer 7

predictive knowledge

Question 8

example: “I want to construct a score that indicates how well each student prepared for exam one”

Answer 8

descriptive knowledge

Question 9

example: Anxiety through different experiences (social behavior and public speaking anxiety

Answer 9

descriptive knowledge

Question 10

what is a research hypothesis?

Answer 10

a testable and falsifiable guess from a target behavior or characteristics

Question 11

attributive hypothesis

Answer 11

states that a behavior or characteristic exists, can be measured, and can be distinguished from similar others (univariate)

Question 12

states that a behavior or characteristic exists, can be measured, and can be distinguished from similar others (univariate)

Answer 12

attributive hypothesis

Question 13

example: I want to construct a score that reflects how well you did on the computational parts of your homework assignments.

Answer 13

attributive hypothesis

Question 14

if you know this you can learn that…(knowledge)

Answer 14

predictive knowledge

Question 15

if you know this you can learn about that because this causes that…

Answer 15

causal knowledge

Question 16

associative RH

Answer 16

states that a relationship exists between two behaviors or characteristics – that knowing the amount or kind of one helps you to predict the amount or kind of the other (all about prediction and relationships) - bivariate

Question 17

states that a relationship exists between two behaviors or characteristics – that knowing the amount or kind of one helps you to predict the amount or kind of the other (all about prediction and relationships) - bivariate

Answer 17

associative RH

Question 18

example: I want to know if I can predict scores on exam one from performance on pink things

Answer 18

associative RH

Question 19

example: “I want to know whether I can improve your scores on exam one by increasing the number of homework assignments I give you”

Answer 19

casual knowledge

Question 20

example: ice cream sales & violent crime

Answer 20

causal knowledge

Question 21

define causal RH

Answer 21

states that differences in the amount or kind of one behavior or characteristics cause/produce/change, etc.
two things are related BECAUSE one relies on the other

Question 22

states that differences in the amount or kind of one behavior or characteristics cause/produce/change, etc.
two things are related BECAUSE one relies on the other

Answer 22

define causal RH

Question 23

what is the evidence for causal RH?

Answer 23

1. temporal precedence (cause precedes effect)
2. demonstrate a statistical relationship
3. elimination of alternative explanations (no other viable cause/explanation of the effect) (A cause first)

Question 24

what are the four sources of new knowledge?

Answer 24

1. intuition
2. authority
3. rational-inductive argument
   scientific empiricism

Question 25

intuition

Answer 25

common sense for you. “know what is known”

Question 26

common sense for you. “know what is known”

Answer 26

intuition

Question 27

example: “I believe that kissing toads will give you warts.”

Answer 27

intuition

Question 28

example: “my mom says that kissing toads will give you warts.”

Answer 28

authority

Question 29

define authority

Answer 29

someone else’s common sense that you trust.

Question 30

someone else’s common sense that you trust.

Answer 30

authority

Question 31

example: I want to know if I can predict scores on exam one from performance on pink things.

Answer 31

causal RH

Question 32

define rational-inductive argument

Answer 32

forming new hypotheses. process. combine known information with new knowledge that generates new knowledge.

Question 33

forming new hypotheses. process. combine known information with new knowledge that generates new knowledge.

Answer 33

rational-inductive argument

Question 34

steps of hypothesis formation

Answer 34

analysis, synthesis, evaluation

Question 35

_hypootheses are about how characteristics or behaviors influence each other, _hypotheses are about the description of characteristics or behaviors, and _hypotheses are about the statistical relationships between characteristics or behaviors.

Answer 35

casual, attributive, associative

Question 36

_of psychological knowledge are often called researchers, while _ of psychological knowledge are often called practitioners.

Answer 36

producers, consumers

Question 37

applications of the research loop involve_studies of new research hypotheses, _stuides of previous research to test the reproducibility of previous research findings, and _studies to test the specificity and generalizability of previous research findings.

Answer 37

initial, replication, convergent

Question 38

_is used to prepare items that are “backwards so that they can be aggregated into a composite score.

Answer 38

reverse keying

Question 39

_involves establishing that changes in one characteristic or behavior leads to changes in another, _involves detailing characteristics or behaviors of interest, and _invovles demonstrating that characteristics or behaviors are related to each other.

Answer 39

understanding, descriptive, prediction

Question 40

the_approach is based on the idea that one properly completed study will give us reliable and correct knowledge, while the _apporach is based on the idea that reliable and correct knowledge is only obtained from repeating the exact and similar studies to find a pattern of consistent findings.

Answer 40

critical experiment, converging operations

Question 41

__comes from rational induction, while __comes from empirical research

Answer 41

proof, probabilistic conclusion