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Bloodborne Pathogens; Aseptic Techniques > Unit Objectives > Flashcards

Unit Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

an organism in a humans blood that can cause disease and infection (ex: HIV)

A

Bloodborne Pathogen

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2
Q

thing/person a disease affects; where it starts

A

host

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3
Q

Period of time between invasion of a pathogen and the onset of symptoms; pathogen enters the host and the host shows symptoms of being sick; could be hours, could be years

A

incubation period

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4
Q

Period of time during which the host is shedding organisms that can infect another person; differs from person to person

A

communicable period

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5
Q

when a microorganism grows or incubates

A

incubation

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6
Q

spread of diseases through contact

A

communication

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7
Q

the way a microorganism enters a host

A

portal of entry

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8
Q

something/someone exposed to infection or disease of an organism that can be affected by a pathogen

A

susceptible host

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9
Q

a period of time between invasion by a pathogen and when the presence of the pathogen can be detected by testing

A

window period

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10
Q

infection caused by microorganisms that are commonly present on the body or in the environment that usually don’t make a healthy person ill; someone who is immunocompetent will get sick

A

opportunistic infection

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11
Q

an infection aquired by a person in the hospital or any health care setting that is unrelated to why that person is in the hospital

A

nosocomial infection

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12
Q

guidelines developed by OSHA for protection of employees and prevention of bloodborne pathogens someone may have come in contact with

A

Universal Precautions

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13
Q

guidelines that were established by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, GA; guidelines for prevention of bloodborne pathogens for both healthcare workers and patients/clients

These precautions represent a system of infection control in which it is assumed that every direct contact with a patient’s body fluids is potentially infectious

A

Standard Precautions

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14
Q

Practices that help to reduce the number and spread of microorganisms

A

medical asepsis

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15
Q

practices that render and keep objects and areas free of all microorganisms

examples: surgeons before surgery

A

surgical asepsis

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16
Q

the use of physical or chemical means to remove, inactivate, or destroy bloodborne pathogens on a surface or on an item to the point where they are no longer capable of transmitting infectious microorganisms/particles

A

decontamination

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17
Q

a process that destroys all forms of microbial life, including bacterial spores; this process is more intense than decontamination and includes the use of heat, steam, gas, soak, etc.

A

sterilization

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18
Q

destroying all areas of microbial life except high numbers of bacterial spores; ex: hot water pasteurization, exposure to certain chemicals

the destruction or removal of pathogenic organisms, but not necessarily their spores

A

disinfection

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19
Q

separation from others; will be in a private room and have dedicated equipment to his/her room

healthcare provider would need clean gloves (not sterile) and a gown to enter this type of room and remove before leavin the room

examples of someone in this type of room may have MRSA, VRE, VICA, uncontrolled diahrea, body lice, scabies, impetigo, etc.

A

contact isolation

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20
Q

separate room for an kind of infection that is spread by the mist of the air

healthcare provider would need a mask only to enter this type of room

examples of someone placed in this type of room: someone with mumps, rubella,

A

droplet isolation

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21
Q

separation from others; will be in a private room with a (-) negative airflow; will contain a hepafilter air machine in the room to clean the air

healthcare provider will need an N95 Dust Mist Mask fitted to his/her face

examples of someone in this type of room: someone with diseases like measles, Tuberculosis (TB)

A

airborne isolation

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22
Q

separation from others; a room that is used for infections that can be spread through the air and can be spread through contact; rooms need to be private with no air flow

healthcare providers need N95 Dust MIst Mask, gown, and gloves (clean gloves) to enter this type of room

examples of someone placed in this type of room: someone with chicken pox (lesions), herpes zoster infections; especially in immunocompetent/immunocompromised individuals, shingles, etc.

A

airborne plus contact isolation

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23
Q

a form of surgical asepsis; this place consists of bandages, dressings, tools, equipment, etc.

A

sterile field

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24
Q

What is the exposure risk inherent in the healthcare industry?

A
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25
Q
  • coughing/sneezing (air)
  • present on an object
  • present in/on an open wound
  • transmitted via direct contact
  • transmitted through medical object/various kinds of equipment, needles, doorknobs
  • blood or any other bodily fluid vaginal secretions/semen
  • ear infections
  • intestinal tract (ex: ecoli); human fecal contamination
  • water
  • arsenic
  • eyes
  • urinary tract
  • shaking hands (human to human direct contact)
A

Various ways a microorganism can leave a host

26
Q
  • has to be a portal of entry; break in the skin, break in the mucus membrane of the body (nasal tract, respiratory, intestinal tract, mouth, nose, ears, eyes, etc.); if it gets into the bloodstream, can spread throughout the body
  • people who are already sick; it is a lot easier for them to get something else or get even more sick (ex: chemo patients; chemo suppresses the immune system do the person is more likely to get sick)
A

Ways a microorganism enters a host

27
Q

MRSA

A

Methycillin Resistant Staph Aureus

28
Q

VRSA

A

Vencomycin Resistant Staph Aureus

29
Q

BRE

A

Bancalmycin Resistant Enteroccus

30
Q

CDC

A

Center for Disease Control

31
Q

OSHA

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

32
Q

Common Nosocomial Infections

A

Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)

Surgical Tract Infections

Respiratory Tract Infections

Bloodstream Infections

Skin Infections

Gastointestinal Tract Infections

Central Nervous System Infections

Fungal Infections; yeast and other fungi

Pneumonia

Bacterias (staph, escherichia coli, pseudomas)

Hostess of antibiotic (MRSA, VRSA, BRE)

33
Q

Barriers to Infection

A

Gloves

Protective clothing

Face Shield

Eye Protection

Surgical Mask

Mouth piece/recitation device for CPR

No artificial nails

Cap

N95 Dust Mist Mask

34
Q

Major Dictates of Standard Precautions

A
  1. Barriers; gloves, masks, cap, eye protection, etc
  2. Hand Care; hand washing, gloves, no artificial nails
  3. Sharps (Needles, scalpel blades); dispose of them properly and do not remove safety cap until ready to use
  4. Avoid eating, drinking, smoking, applying cosmetics or lip balm, and handling contact lenses in a patient area
  5. Avoid hand contact with mucous membranes of your eyes, nose, mouth, or ears
  6. Handle all linen carefully and dispose of properly
  7. Avoid unnecessary contact with a patient who places you at risk to contact a body fluid or waste product, especially blood
  8. Report incidents of conduct with patient’s body fluid or waste product on an unprotected area of your body; seek immediate assistance if a direct blood-to-blood contact occurs between you and a patient
35
Q

Hands: wash before and after treating the patient

PTA needs: Gloves and Gown

Private room

All equipment is dedicated equipment and stays in the room

A

Contact Precautions

36
Q

Hands: wash before and after leaving the room

PTA needs: Mask

Private Room is needed/provided

For patient transport: place a surgical mask on the patient if possible

A

Droplet Precautions

37
Q

Wash hands before entering and leaving the room

PTA Needs: Mask; N-95 Respirator (dust/mist mask)

Private room with negative (-) airflow; door must remain closed

Patient Transport: Place surgical mask on the patient if possible

A

Airborne Precautions

38
Q

HIV stats in the US

A

1 million people are living with HIV in the US

1/5 of those people are unaware of their infection

It is said that 5,600-5,700 people are infected with HIV each year

People with HIV in the US has increased, however, those with HIV are living longer than before

Estimated that at the end of 2007, there were 576,000 people that have died from HIV in the US

These people include: MSM (Men having sex with other men <- most common), Injection drug users <- most common, African Americans, Heterosexual women, younger people are disproportionally infected with HIV, and Hispanics

39
Q
A
40
Q

HIV

A

Human-immunodeficiency virus

41
Q
A
42
Q

How is HIV spread?

A
  • Sexual intercourse; people who have a history of multple sex partners are more susceptible to aquire HIV when there is already another sexually transmitted disease present
  • Sharing of needles in injection drug use; or other contaminiated equipment
  • A child being born to an infected mother (as baby passes through the birth canal)
  • Being stuck with HIV contaminated needle or sharp object
  • Receiving blood products, organs, or tissues from people who are/were infected with HIV
  • Unsafe medical or dental practices; when dentists would not wear gloves or face shields
  • Being bitten by someone with HIV
  • Coming in contact with bodily fluids, especially blood
  • Coming in contact with open wounds or mucous membranes of that person with HIV
43
Q

HIV is NOT spread via what?

A
  • Water
  • Insects
  • Saliva (if you take biting out of the picture)
  • Tears/perspiration
  • Kissing
44
Q

Stage 1 of HIV

A

Acute Primary Progression - Stage 1

  • HIV enters the body, immediately attacks large numbers of CD4+ cells (T cells); white blood cells critical to maintaining a healthy immune system, virus is a retrial virus (uncanny ability to replicate rapidly and can mutate and evolve rapidly and hide in the body; this is what makes it so difficult to treat)
  • Virus can look different in one person from the other
  • Virus is constantly trying to hide
  • Trying to replicate
  • And Trying to manipulate the immune system
  • After entering the host for the first time, rapid, diving, enters lymph tissue; thymus, spleen, lymph nodes; about 70% of people will experience relatively mild flu-like symptoms in 2-5 weeks (fever, headache, fatigue, might have lymphadenopathy; enlarged lymph nodes)
45
Q

Stage 2 of HIV

A

Immune System fights back - Stage 2

  • Levels of HIV decrease dramatically in the body but are not gone, they are still present; however, the flu-like symptoms go away
46
Q

HIV virus can lie dormant in the patient, hiding in cells, shielded from the body’s immune system

Person may be symptom free for years, but virus is replicated thoughout this whole time; SEVERAL BILLION viruses are replicated in the body each day!

T cells cannot react fast enough and the body is unable to fight off infections

A

Clinical Latency of HIV

47
Q

Too much virus, too little T cells in the body

When he or she presents one or more opportunistic infections and T cell count is down (less than 200 cells per cubic cm in the body); normal person would have 800-1200 T cell count per cubic cm in the body

A

The progression of AIDS

(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

48
Q

What are some factors that impact disease progression?

A

Eugene Mutation

High Viral Load; a lot more of the virus in something; for example, more from a transplant than a needle

HAART: Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy; three drugs all taken together

49
Q
  • Rapid weight loss
  • Fever
  • Night sweats
  • Extreme Fatigue
  • Lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes)
  • GI issues; Diarrhea
  • Lesions or sores in mouth/other mucous membranes in the body; gut
  • Memory Loss
  • Depression
  • Neurological Disorders (attacks the CNS)
  • Pnemonia
  • Colored lesions (brownish/purplish) on skin or mucous membranes
  • No cure for AIDS
  • Prognosis (predicted outcome) = DEATH
A

Symptoms of HIV

50
Q

What is the incubation period of HIV?

A

Can be a few weeks, months, or even years (up to 10 years or longer)

It is estimated that 50% of HIV infected patients develop AIDS within 10 years of being exposed to virus

Someone could get infected with the virus and not get sick for many years before knowing they are infected

51
Q

What is the communicable period for HIV?

A

3 - 4 weeks after infection with the organism,

until DEATH

52
Q

What are some opportunistic infections associated with HIV?

A

A Person with HIV’s immune system is tanking so they are much more susceptible to things that would not usually make someone else sick

Examples commonly associated with AIDS:

  • Pneumocystis carinii (Genus, species); a parasite; pneumonia
  • Candida albicaus; white yeast (yeast infection, you can get one anywhere in the body)
  • Herpes simplex; virus that causes cold sores in mouth
  • Herpes zoster; virus that causes chicken pox and can cause shingles
  • Kaposi’s Sarcoma; brown or purplish lesions on skin; vascular malignancy of unknown etiology (etiology = cause)
53
Q

What is the window period for HIV?

A

Averges in the range of 2-8 weeks, but it can be as long as 6 months, during which time the blood contains the viruses by blood tests are negative (-)

54
Q

What type of testings and diagnosis are affiliated with recognizing HIV?

A

Blood testing reviews; testing for presence organism itself or of antibodies that are produced from organism (most of the time is antibodies)

  • 1st test :Elisa test- enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay; if test comes back positive (+), then they do a 2nd test:
  • 2nd test: Western Blot – conformation test (only performed if Elisa test comes back positive (+)
55
Q

What type of treatment is avaliable for a person with HIV?

A

 Usually treating opportunistic infections affiliated with HIV
 Anti-viral agents
 Antibiotics
 AZT – drug used to treat HIV
 Two drugs that are new: Saquinavir and Retonavir (anti-viral agents) combined in cocktail drug
 Vaccines with things of flu, shingles
 At least 31 Antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV; prevent virus from replicating; cannot completely eliminate
 It is against the law to refuse to treat a person with HIV, for that reason, and it against the law to treat a person who has HIV any differently than any other patient
 Treat every patient as if they HAVE HIV
 If test question; say you treat every patient the same, make assumption that they have a communicable disease. Be cautious ALWAYS, protect yourself

56
Q

What is the proper way to wash you hands in a medical asepsis setting

A
  • Trying to prevent the spread of disease
  • 30 seconds
  • Remove all jewelry except for the wedding band (make sure you take your watch off)
  • Turn on the water and adjust the temperature to warm (with arm, if there are longer handles)
  • Wet your hands, wrists and forearms
  • Keep your hands at a neutral position; not up or down
  • Apply soap (liquid if at all possible)
  • Wash the palm (for ten (10) seconds) and dorsum (back of hand; for ten (10) seconds) of the hand; try not to touch the side of the sink or anything like that
  • Wash each individual finger (should take at least ten (10) seconds)
  • Wash your wrists and up half your forearms (in lab; for clinic, hands and lower part of wrists)
  • With fingers relatively relaxed, rinse from proximal (closer to the heart) to distal; book says to only rinse one time (do not rinse what you did not wash with soap); but in lab we are to rinse 3 times to make sure we get off the soap off
  • Leave the water turned on and dry your hands with dry paper towel; only dry what you have washed
  • Take a new clean paper towel and turn the sink off then throw it away
57
Q

What is the proper way to wash your hands in a surgical asepsis setting?

A
  • Remove all jewelry from hands, ears, and neck
  • Approach the sink with hands above the elbows
  • Avoid touching the sick or anything like that; most likely the environment you are in for this, sinks have foot controls
  • Turn on the water to adjust the temperature to warm
  • Wet your hands, wrist, and forearms
  • Apply liquid soap
  • Wash palm and dorsum of hand; using friction and rotary movements, interlace fingers, wash each individual finger
  • Remember to refrain from touching the side of sink or any other object while washing them
  • Washing wrists, forearms, and up to 3” above the elbows
  • You will be washing for as long as 7 minutes (maybe longer)wash over and over and over; a lot of times you will have a scrub brush, make sure you get nails good as well
  • Hold fingers upward when you go to rinse
  • Rinse fingers first and proceed proximal (from fingers to elbows; so water drips off elbows)
  • Use sterile cloth towel to dry hands, wrists, and elbows that were washed
  • Dispose of towels that you dried off with
  • Take a clean towel to turn off faucet (if necessary)
58
Q

Describe donning of protective clothing worn in the healthcare envirmonment

A

Wash hands

Apply Cap

Apply Mask

Apply Gown

Apply Gloves

59
Q

Describe doffing of protective clothing worn in the healthcare environment

A

Remove gown first

Remove gloves (can take off gloves with gown)

Remove mask

Remove cap

Wash hands

60
Q

Contrast the varioius types of isolation procedures and state the purpose for each

A

Contact isolation: Syndromes; MRSA, VISE, VRE, Aminoglycoside resistant, Gram-negatives, Uncontrolled Diarrhea, lice, scabies, impetigo; Gown and gloves needed in a private room with dedicated equipment

Droplet isolation: Syndromes; Mumps (rubella); mask needed in a *private room *

Airborne isolation: Syndromes; Measles, TB; N-95 Dust Mist Mask needed in a private room with negative air flow with a closed door

Airborne plus contact isolation: Syndromes; Chickenpox, Herpes Zoster; N-95 Dust Mist Mask, a gown, and gloves needed in a private room with negative airflow with a closed door

61
Q

Describe what constitutes a sterile field and what constitutes contamination of an establised sterile field

A
  • To maintain the sterility of certain objects within that field; things like dressings, bandages; keep from contaminating those objects
  • Have a surface that has been cleaned (disinfected) as much as possible
  • Sterile towel or inside of sterile package is used as sterile base/tray
  • Sterile towel; something that will come from central supply; in a paper package that is a colored strip with a date on it
  • Contamination is going to occur anytime a non-sterile item touches a sterile item; if this happens, the contaminated item is discarded and it is necessary to reestablish a sterile field
  • Only packages labeled sterile are considered sterile; if not labeled, then it is not sterile, and if opened, then it is not sterile anymore
  • Certain things you DO NOT want to do over a sterile field:
  • Sneeze, cough, or talk
  • Reach across a sterile field to get something on the other side
  • Turn your back on an established sterile field
  • Place any sterile item within a 1” field around the sterile field (leave a 1” boarder around the outside of sterile field)
  • After you put on sterile attire, the only part considered sterile until contaminated are the gloves, the gown above the waste, the front, and the sleeves (the back of the gown is not because we cannot see that anymore)
  • Allow moisture into the area of the sterile field
  • Area below a table or whatever the surface is to support the sterile materials is not sterile and a sterile object is taken out of the sterile field, ex: swiped under table; then it is no longer sterile
  • Know your facilities protocol for distributing of non-sterile objects (rules should be taught or posted)
  • Do your part to prevent the spread of infection, somebody’s life might depend on what you do and what you don’t do. If you are going to error, it is better to error on the safe side.

Bloodborne Pathogens; Aseptic Techniques (1 decks)

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