Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Radiographic Anatomy Unit IV > Unit IV_CT, fluoroscopy and Ultrasound > Flashcards

Unit IV_CT, fluoroscopy and Ultrasound Flashcards

1
Q

Ultrasound (non-diagnostic and diagnostic) has a frequency of ________ hertz?

A

>20,000 Hertz (20 KHz) Higher than threshold of human hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Diagnostic Ultrasound (done in imaging) utilizes an ultrasound frequency within what range?

A

3-9 megahertz (3-9 MHz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Differentiate between: Ultrasonography Sonography Sonogram

A

basically used interchangeably but… the suffix -ography is the field of study the suffix-gram pertains to the images themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Most common image form in diagnostic ultrasound

A

grey-scale real time ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a transducer?

A

~the hand held device that converts energy (what makes contact with the patient). Step 1-It converts electrical energy to the ultrasounds that are introduced into the patient. Step 2-It listens for returning echoes. Step 3-converts returning ultrasound echoes into electrical energy for the machine to process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Does the ultrasound tranducer transmit sound or listen for returning echoes longer?

A

Listens 9 times longer than it transmits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What determines the image in ultrasound?

A

The reflectivity of the tissue. The sharpest images are the generated by a very strong returning echo (the ball bounces straight back off the wall and not deflected to the side)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the sound reflectivity of bone? How does it appear on the monitor?

A

Excellent reflectivity White on monitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the sound reflectivity of fluids? How does it appear on the monitor?

A

Very poor reflectivity Black on monitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the sound reflectivity of muscle/liver? How does it appear on the monitor?

A

Intermediate reflectivity Various degrees of grey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the sound reflectivity of tissue transition zones? How does it appear on the monitor?

A

Good reflectivity White on monitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is ultrasound different than x-ray

A

~Reflects energy (sound) rather than penetrate (radiation) ~Lower energy levels ~Non-ionizing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The WHO states that ultrasound is harmless. What is the more cautious approach?

A

as currently used, diagnostic ultrasound does not appear to harm biologic tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What ultrasound frequency shows better detail, 3 MHz or 5-7 MHz? what is the trade off?

A

5 MHz can only visualize shallower structures Note: the greater the frequency, the shorter the wavelength.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Do you want low or high ultrasound frequency to show better detail?

A

Higher frequency (5-7 MHz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dow you want low or high ultrasound frequency to get the deeper structures.

A

Lower frequency (3 MHz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an example of a higher frequency ultrasound transducer?

A

Vaginal probes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an example of a lower frequency ultrasound transducer?

A

abdominal probe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is coupling gel?

A

a water soluble gel used to eliminate the air interface between the transducer and patient skin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two different tranducer types for pelvic ultrasound examinations?

A

Abdominal Vaginal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What gestational age is best visualized with a trans-abdominal approach?

A

> 12 weeks gestation ~morphology & development ~health/viability (Biophysical Profile)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When would trans-abdominal ultrasound be preferred over endovaginal ultrasound when evaluating a pregnancy?

A

Best for fetus > 12 weeks Best for placenta > 12 weeks Note: endovaginal probes have a very high frequency and can not penetrate the sound to the depths needed in large gravid uterus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What patient prep is needed for a transabdominal pelvic ultrasound?

A

full bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is a full bladder needed for a transabdominal pelvic ultrasound

A

Creates a window for sound waves by pushing the air filled bowel up and out of the way.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the advantages of endovaginal ultrasound over transabdominal pelvic ultrasound?

A

~Higher frequency provides excellent resolution ~excellent visualization of uterus and EARLY gestations (<12 weeks) ~good resolution of adnexa ~full bladder not required.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Vaginal Ultrasound is best for _______ and ________.

A

GYN problems Early pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

(trans) Abdominal Ultrasound (for female pelvis) is best for ________.

A

evaluation of pregnancy in 2nd and 3rd trimester.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What can be seen in the uterine evaluation with U/S?

A

Size and position Endometrium Myometrial pathology Masses, fluid and foreign bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What can be seen in the ovarian evaluation with U/S?

A

~ovarian sizes and locations ~follicles (fertility treatment, polycystic ovary) ~Detect and analyze ovarian enlargements ~vacularity (r/o torsion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is seen in the obstetrical evaluation of an early pregnancy?

A

Pregnancy location Pregnancy viability multiple gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is seen in the obstetrical evaluation of a mid term pregnancy?

A

congenital anomalies confirm multiple gestation gender determination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is seen in the obstetrical evaluation of a late term pregnancy?

A

~monitor fetal growth ~placenta location ~fetal lie (presentation) ~well being (Biophysical Profile) ~Amniotic fluid volume ~Fetal respiratory movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is evaluated in a fetal growth assessment?

A

~Biparietal diameter ~Femur length ~Abdominal circumference ~others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a biophysical profile? what is assessed?

A

assessment for fetal well-being ~Respiratory movements ~Amniotic fluid volume ~Placenta morphology ~others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is Doppler ultrasound?

A

assesses blood flow (organs, fetus, tumors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Normal grey scale ultrasound is 2-dimensional. What two types of ultrasound does Dr. Dodge term as “fancy”

A

3-dimensional 4-dimensional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are advantages to ultrasound imaging over other diagnostic imaging tests?

A

Non-invasive Less-cost Real time images Portable No radiation exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are disadvantages of ultrasound?

A

~Can not image through air or bone. ~Sonographer error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

a complete abdomen ultrasound evaluated what organs?

A

Liver Gallbladder Spleen Pancreas (sometimes Kidneys, dependent on department protocol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the patient prep for abdominal ultrasound?

A

NPO 8 hours (gallbladder)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is evaluated in a limited abdomen U/S

A

one of the following structures: Liver Gallbladder Spleen Pancreas Appendix Pylorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What modality is preferred when evaluating the appendix

A

CT scan is preferred. a bad appendix can be missed on U/S due to the gas in the bowel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What ultrasound examination will show renal artery stenosis with questionable accuracy?

A

Kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is a common ordering error for ultrasounds noted by the ultrasound lecturer?

A

R/out. The reason for exam should be specific and never use a “rule out” reason for exam.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the prep for a abdomen ultrasound (specifically gallbladder)?

A

NPO 8 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Why is the NPO prep for the abdomen ultrasound (specifically gallbladder) important.

A

A constricted (due to eating) gallbladder and a constricted (due to disease) gallbladder look the same.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the cheapest special modality in imaging (besides routine x-rays)?

A

ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is fluorosopy?

A

live x-rays (continuous “on” time) visualized on a monitor during examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what energy does fluoroscopy use to obtain images?

A

radiation (exactly like diagnostic x-rays)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is used in an fluoroscopy examination to enhance detail of strutures?

A

Contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What types of contrast are used in imaging?

A

barium iodinated air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What types of imaging contrast are NEVER used intravenously.

A

Barium Sulfate Air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What type of contrast can be used both orally and intravenously?

A

Iodinated

54
Q

What type imaging contrast of can be used intravenously?

A

Iodinated only

55
Q

What is a Modified Barium Swallow?

A

~a fluoroscopic examination to assess swallowing mechanisms. ~done with the assistance of a speech pathologist. ~multiple consistency food will be mixed with barium and watched fluoroscopically for aspiration and movement of food bolus past epiglottis down esophagus

56
Q

What is the patient prep for the Modified Barium Swallow examination?

A

No Prep Note: the stomach is not visualized, therefore food does not get in the way of area of interest

57
Q

Why is it important for a patient to be NPO for a fluoroscopic examination of the GI tract.

A

Food particles can mimic lesions within the alimentary canal.

58
Q

What are the contraindications for a Modified Barium Swallow?

A

possibility of aspiration of non-water soluble barium

59
Q

Why is barium contraindicated in GI studies when bowel perforation or obstruction is suspected.

A

Barium is not sterile Barium is not water soluble Patient could develop peritonitis (perforation) or concrete stool (constipation from absorption of water from barium)

60
Q

What is the difference from a barium swallow and a modified barium swallow?

A

Barium swallow is an evaluation of the entire esophagus but NOT the swallowing mechanism. Modified Barium Swallow is an evaluation of the swallowing mechanism and not the entire esophagus. done with speech pathologist present.

61
Q

What are the routine contrasts used on a Barium swallow (esophogram)? What can be used as an alternative contrast if bowel perforation is suspected (or compromised patient where aspiration should be considered)?

A

Barium Sulfate Air Iodinated contrast (i.e. gastroview)

62
Q

What is an alternative oral contrast that can be used when barium is contraindicated?

A

Iodinated contrast (i.e. gastroview)

63
Q

What are the indications for a barium swallow (esophogram) study?

A

acid reflux intraluminal lesions strictures obstructions esophageal varicies hiatal hernia foreign bodies

64
Q

What is an Upper GI (UGI)?

A

Fluoroscopic examination utilizing oral contrast of the stomach and emptying into the very proximal small bowel

65
Q

Is IV contrast used on an Upper GI (UGI) exam?

A

Nope

66
Q

What are contrasts that can be used for an Upper GI (UGI) exam?

A

Barium Sulfate Air Iodinated contrast (2nd choice to barium in compromised patient)

67
Q

What is the patient prep for an esophogram?

A

None Be aware that the Esophogram is sometimes ordered with the Upper GI (UGI) in which the patient must be NPO…

68
Q

What are some indications for an Upper GI (UGI) examination?

A

hiatal hernia reflux ulcers tumors vomitting hematemesis

69
Q

What are some contraindications for an Upper GI (UGI) examination?

A

aspiration nausea/vomitting bowel obstruction (distal obstruction) constipation

70
Q

What is the patient prep for the Upper GI (UGI) exam?

A

NPO (a must) Patient will be rescheduled if not!

71
Q

What is a Small Bowel Follow Through (SBFT/SBS) Examination? Is it fluoroscopy or regular xray?

A

a transit study of the small bowel. a series of images are taken to show how fast (or slow) contrast is progressing through the small bowel. It is a series of regular supine abdomen x-rays. The ileocecal valve (end of the small bowel) is hidden in a mess of bowel. Only then will the radiologist enter the exam to palpate the RLQ under fluoroscopy to open up the area for evaluation.

72
Q

What imaging contrast is used in the small bowel follow through exam?

A

thin barium iodinated contrast (2nd choice compromised patient)

73
Q

What is a common complication with administering oral contrast?

A

Barium tastes like chalky shit Iodinate contrast (gastroview) taste like oily shit

74
Q

What are indications for the small bowel follow through examination?

A

motility of small intestine dueodenum jejunum ileum obstruction ileus intramural lesions Crohn’s disease

75
Q

What is the patient prep for the small bowel follow through examination?

A

NPO 8 hours

76
Q

What is a common complication of the small bowel follow through exam?

A

transit time can be very lengthy. some exams can last over >1-5 hours. I’ve had patient’s go home and come back the next day.

77
Q

What is a Barium Enema (BE) exam?

A

it is a contrast study of the large intestine.

78
Q

What imaging contrast can be used for a Barium Enema.

A

Barium Sulfate (single contrast) OR Dual contrast: Barium Sulfate and Air (introduced rectally) Don’t let the name fool you! just like all other fluoro GI exams, iodinated contrast (gastroview) can be used in compromised patients instead of barium.

79
Q

What are indicated for the Barium Enema Examination?

A

visualize entire large bowel through retrograde filling. Diverticulosis polyps tumor masses

80
Q

Can a barium enema be done with oral contrast administration? Can the small bowel examination be done with retrograde filling?

A

No… it must be done with retrograde filling No… contrast in the small bowel should not be visualized on the barium enema examination. Barium in the small bowel would mean a compromised ileocecal valve.

81
Q

What is the patient prep for the barium enema study.

A

Bowel prep (enemas as indicated by department protocol) NPO

82
Q

What is an Intravenous Pyleogram? Is it a fluoroscopic examination?

A

It is a imaging study of the urinary system. It is not a fluoroscopic examination. it is a series of supine abdomen images taken at various timed sequences.

83
Q

is oral contrast used in an Intravenous Pyelogram study?

A

No… oral contrast will conceal the IV contrast filtering through the urinary system.

84
Q

What Imaging contrast is used in the Intravenous Pyelogram Study?

A

Iodinated IV contrast.

85
Q

What is the patient prep for the Intravenous Pyelogram study?

A

bowel prep of laxatives (stool patterns can conceal IV contrast filtering through the urinary system) NPO 12 hours prior to exam

86
Q

What are the indications for the Intravenous Pyelogram study?

A

visualization of urinary system. structural changes due to obstruction of flow (i.e. stone, tumor)

87
Q

Contraindications to the Intravenous Pyelogram study?

A

allergy to the iodinated IV contrast. compromised kidney function (elevated BUN Creatnine)

88
Q

Why is IV contrast the best imaging contrast for the Intravenous Pyelogram?

A

The body doesn’t need the IV contrast, therefore it is quickly filtered out of the body through the urinary system.

89
Q

You are viewing an image taken during an IVP. You see a normal appearing right kidney with contrast filling the total right ureter. The bladder is enhanced suggesting that some contrast has entered the bladder as well. The left kidney looks different than the right, the renal calyxes look blunted and enlarged in comparison to the right. You see only partial filling of the left ureter. What could you conclude?

A

Obstruction of the left ureter possibly due to stone or stricture (tumor)

90
Q

Iodinated contrast can take two different forms, what are they?

A

Oral (gastroview, gastrograffin) Iodinated oral contrast is oily, bitter tasting, and non sterile. IV (Omnipaque, visipaque, many others) Iodinated IV contrast is sterile, viscous (sticky). It is an injectable water-soluble solution with suspended iodine particles throughout. It is never used as an oral contrast but will also be used in contrast enhanced studies of body orifices (uterus, fallopian tubes, fistulas).

91
Q

CT Chest with Contrast: What areas are the body are imaged?

A

Slices of the thorax starting just above the lung apices through the adrenal glands. Lungs, vascular structures, pleura, upper abdomen

92
Q

CT Chest with Contrast: What does “with Contrast” mean?

A

iodinated IV contrast will be used. The contrast will enhance normal vascular structures and abnormalities that have blood supply.

93
Q

What are indications for a CT Chest with Contrast?

A

Lung mass Lung disease General Survey Pleural effusion Trauma

94
Q

Will/Can you order a CT Chest without contrast?

A

rarely… it was not discussed in lecture. It is an alternative if the patient has severe allergy to iodine. Sometimes can be ordered for special procedures…

95
Q

What is the routine order for a Chest CT?

A

CT Chest with Contrast

96
Q

What are some pathological conditions that can be seen on Chest CT?

A

Cancer, Pneumonia, pleural and pericardial effusions, pneumothorax, hemothorax

97
Q

What imaging study should be done before a Chest CT?

A

routine chest x-ray

98
Q

When should a CT Angiography study be ordered instead of the CT Chest with Contrast?

A

Embolism or Aneurysm any time your primary focus in on vascularity

99
Q

Lung windows are an algorithm that is applied to the display of the CT workstation. What is the benefit of the lung window versus the soft tissue window?

A

The display of the lung window will show the lungs parenchyma with greatest detail. The soft tissue will display as washed out and white. (slide 26 in Clinicians Guide to CT differentiates window leveling types)

100
Q

What are indications for CT Angiography of the Chest?

A

embolism or aortic aneurysm symptoms: Chest pain, SOB, post-op respiratory changes

101
Q

What type of imaging contrast is used for CT Angiography of the Chest? How is it same/different from CT Chest with Contrast?

A

The same iodinated IV contrast is used. The difference is the rate (bolus) at which it is administered. It is administered faster and will have a greater concentration in the blood that enhances the vascular structures with precision.

102
Q

In addition to the anatomy identified in the CT Chest with Contrast examination, what anatomy will be enhanced on the CT Angiography Chest?

A

Heart Aorta (and branches) Pulmonary Arteries

103
Q

What are some pathological conditions seen on the CT Angiography Chest?

A

Pulmonary Embolism Aneurysm Dissection as well as: Cancer Pneumonia Pleural and Pericardial effusions Pneumothorax Hemothorax

104
Q

What is a alternative imaging test to the CT Angiography Chest when contrast is contraindicated?

A

Ventilation-Perfusion Study A VQ Scan is done in Nuclear Medicine and will only diagnose pulmonary embolism… it does not evaluate the aorta or other vascular structures of the chest.

105
Q

What types of CT examinations can be performed on abdomen/pelvis?

A

~CT Abd/Pel without contrast ~CT Abd/Pel with contrast ~CT Abd/Pel with and without contrast

106
Q

What are indications for the CT Abd/Pel with Contrast?

A

Pain Nausea Vomiting Distention Cancer

107
Q

What is the scan area of the CT Abd/Pel with Contrast?

A

Above the diaphragm through the symphysis pubis. The abdomen is from the diaphragm to the iliac crest. The pelvis is from the iliac crest to the symphysis pubis. This is the same scan area for all types of CT abd/pel. The abdomen and pelvis are almost always scanned at the same time… it is VERY rare to do just one.

108
Q

What are some pathological conditions that can be seen on the CT Abd/pel with Contrast?

A

Cancer Chrohn’s dx Small bowel obstruction colitis appendicitis Cirrhosis Laceration Lymphoma Pancreatitis Gallstones (U/S preferred) Hernia

109
Q

What imaging test would you order if you wanted to evaluate the abdominal aorta with CT?

A

CT Angiography Abdomen and Pelvis

110
Q

What imaging test would you order if your patient complained of flank pain, hematuria and a history of kidney stone?

A

CT Abd/Pel without contrast

111
Q

Why is contrast not used when evaluating the abdomen/pelvis for kidney stones on CT?

A

The contrast collected in the urinary system has a similar density as a stone. Therefore, the contrast will conceal the stone.

112
Q

In the exams name, what type of contrast does “with contrast” or “without contrast” indicate?

A

IV contrast

113
Q

What is an indication for CT Angiography Abdomen Pelvis?

A

known or suspected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta (and it’s branches)

114
Q

What are alternative imaging tests to the CT Angiography Abd/Pel?

A

MR Angiography (done in MRI) Ultrasound Aorta

115
Q

What are clinical indications for CT Spine?

A

pain trauma injury

116
Q

What anatomy is seen in the CT Spine?

A

All boney anatomy and spinal cord in the spinal section scanned

117
Q

What are common pathologies seen in CT spine?

A

Fractures Lesions Subluxations Spinal Stenosis

118
Q

When is MRI of the Spine preferred over CT of the Spine?

A

mass lesions

119
Q

What is CT Myelogram?

A

CT of the Spine is performed after administration of an iodinated contrast is injected into the subarachnoid space and bathes the spinal cord (slide 42)

120
Q

What is the Federal regulatory principles concerning radiation exposure?

A

Any dose of radiation might cause cancer.

121
Q

What are effects of radiation damage to the cell?

A

cell death cell survival with no harm cell survival with mutation

122
Q

What are some deterministic effects of radiation that are associated with radiation dose thresholds?

A

Usually seen in VERY large doses, not in diagnostic imaging (i.e. chernoble) Radiation-induced abortion Cataract formation Sterility Hair Loss Skin Erythema Death

123
Q

What are common cancer types associated with radiation exposure.

A

Leukemia Thyroid Cancer Breast Cancer Lung Cancer Bone Cancer Skin Cancer

124
Q

What are radiation reduction methods in CT?

A

~appropriateness of exam ~consider alternative exams ~prior study performed with same information ~radiation dose history

125
Q

Who is responsible for weighing the benefit vs risk of radiation exposure?

A

Ordering provider

126
Q

Regarding radiation safety, the CT examination should not be repeated without:

A

clinical justification and should be limited to the area of interest. for example: Do not order a CT Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar spine when the lumbar spine is the area of interest.

127
Q

Who is the ACR and what do they do?

A

American College of Radiology They set appropriateness criteria for procedures and have resources available online. They are a GREAT resource for clinicans and all imaging protocols are based on these principles.

128
Q

What imaging modality has the highest radiation exposure to the patient?

A

Computerized Axial Tomography (CT Scan)

129
Q

What imaging modalities (discussed in this unit) have no radiation exposure?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Ultrasonography (U/S)

130
Q

What imaging moadlities (discussed in this unit) have radiation exposure? Rank highest to lowest…

A

CT Scan Fluoroscopy X-ray

Radiographic Anatomy Unit IV (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions