Unit IV AP US History Flashcards
(This Deck is unfinished) Chapters 8-12
Federalists
Supported an orderly, efficient central government that could protect their economic status; these well-organized leaders often wielded significant political control. Members included George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Alexander Hamilton. An early political party
Thomas Jefferson
Third President. Served 1801–1809. Authored the Declaration of the Independence. He led the U.S. through the Tripolitanian War and avoided involvement in the Napoleonic Wars. In some cases, Jefferson adhered to the letter of the Constitution, while at other times (such as with the Louisiana Purchase) he adopted a loose interpretation. For example, he kept many of the hallmarks of the Federalist Era intact (such as Hamilton’s economic system), but he had the citizenship requirement of the Alien Act reduced to five years and abolished the excise tax.
Bank of the United States
The Bank of the United States was first chartered by the US Congress on February 25, 1791 after being proposed by Alexander Hamilton (Secretary of the Treasury) in 1790. The purpose for the bank was to handle the financial needs and requirments of the new central government of the newly formed United States.
Impressment
enforcement of military or naval service on able-bodied but unwilling men through crude and violent methods.
Democratic-Republicans
One of the first political parties in the United States. They opposed the Federalist Party. They supported states’ rights and favored agrarianism. Members included Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and Aaron Burr. Following the party’s fragmentation during the Era of Good Feelings, a faction led by Andrew Jackson became dominant. That faction formed the Democratic Party, which still exists
Aaron Burr
Third Vice President (1801–1805). Served during Thomas Jefferson’s first term. Famously killed Alexander Hamilton in an 1804 duel.
Alexander Hamilton
Founding Father and co-author of the Federalist Papers. Split the Federalist ticket in the Election of 1800, weakening then-President John Adams enough to allow Thomas Jefferson to win. In an 1804 duel, he was shot and killed by Vice President Aaron Burr.
Louisiana Territory
In 1803, Jefferson offered France $10 million for New Orleans and a strip of land that extended to Florida. However, Napoleon had abandoned his dream of an American empire because of his failure to stop a slave uprising in Haiti; he instead prioritized raising revenue to fund his conquest of Europe. He offered the entire Louisiana Territory, which stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the Hudson Bay, and from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, for the bargain price of $15 million. Jefferson, while torn over the fact that the Constitution did not specifically provide for the president to negotiate for and purchase land from a foreign power, reluctantly accepted the proposal in order to safeguard national security.
Pinckney’s Treaty
The United States had the right of deposit at the Port of New Orleans under this 1795 treaty with Spain, but in 1798 the Spanish revoked the treaty.
Napoleon Bonaparte
A famous French military and political leader, both during the French Revolution and the ensuing Napoleonic Wars. He led France as Emperor Napoleon I from 1804 until 1814. His various military conquests led to the spread of legal reform, republicanism, nationalism, and other ideas of the French Revolution. In American history, he is notable for his involvement in the Louisiana Purchase, as he sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States.
James Monroe
Fifth President(1817-1925). A Democratic-Republican, he Helped secure the Louisiana Purchase. During the war of 1812, he served as secretary of state(1811-1817) and as secretary of war(1814-1815). He dealt with the Panic of 1819 as well as the Missouri Compromise. In 1823, he issued the Monroe Doctrine.
Monroe Doctrine
Proposed by James Monroe in his annual address to congress in 1823, it quickly became the basis of U.S. foreign policy. The Doctrine called for “nonintervention” in Latin America and an end to European colonization. Though the U.S. didn’t have the military power to defend the Doctrine, it remained firm and adhered to the Doctrine throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.
Meriwether Lewis
One half of the famed Lewis and Clark team who explored and charted the Louisiana Purchase
William Clark
One half of the famed Lewis and Clark team who explored and charted the Louisiana Purchase
Robert Livingston
Robert Livingston and James Monroe were dispatched to France in 1803 to offer $10 million for New Orleans and a strip of land that extended to Florida. Much to the surprise of both men, the French ministers were offering the land Jefferson sought and the entire Louisiana Territory.
$10 million in 1803 is equivalent to about $263,727,433.63 today
Judiciary Act of 1801
In a last-minute piece of legislation before the Congress was to be turned over to the majority Democratic-Republicans, the Federalists created 16 new judgeships. President John Adams worked through the nights of his last days in office, appointing so-called “midnight judges” who would serve on the bench during Jefferson’s administration. Enraged by the packing of Federalists into lifetime judicial appointments, Jefferson sought to keep these men from taking the bench. This led to the Marbury v. Madison ruling.
Embargo Act of 1807
In 1807, Jefferson passed the Embargo Act, which put a ban on all American ships sailing for foreign ports. He did not want foreign governments to interfere with American commerce and wanted to limit impressment. This was hypocritical of Jefferson, as he despised strong federal governments and advocated for free trade. The act devastated American port city economies. The act, however, did stimulate the growth of American factories.
Macon’s Bill No. 2
The Embargo Act did not work as well as planned, so Madison enacted Macon’s Bill No. 2, which allowed trade to resume. If one country (Britain or France) stopped interfering with American shipping, the president would impose an embargo on the other country. Napoleon stopped interfering with American ships, and Britain increased impressment, allowing Madison to reimpose the embargo on trade with Britain. This led to increased tensions between the U.S. and Britain.
War Hawks
The War Hawks were young members of Congress who put pressure on President James Madison to declare war against Britain in 1812. War Hawks (including Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) from the West called for war with Britain because of their want to enforce American freedom and ambition to annex Florida and Canada to the U.S.
Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa
Jefferson wanted to continue expansion westward. Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa refused to sign the Treaty of Greenville and called for complete separation from whites as opposed to assimilation. Tecumseh had a vision of a once again united country of American Indian tribes, similar to Neolin’s view. Prophetstown, where he met with others, was destroyed in the Battle of Tippecanoe. The rumor of the British encouraging Tecumseh’s efforts was one of the causes of the War of 1812.
War of 1812
Rumors were spread that the British were encouraging Tecumseh’s efforts, and this contributed to the War of 1812. This was the first time the U.S. declared war on another country. The declaration was mainly supported by the South and West. It was hard for the U.S. to finance the war. After the British defeated Napoleon, they invaded the U.S. and raided the capital city. Fort McHenry withstood a British bombardment during the war, and this was during which Francis Scott Key composed “The Star-Spangled Banner.” The U.S. was against the Indians and British during the war (two-front struggle). William Henry Harrison and Andrew Jackson were seen as war heroes. The Treaty of Ghent ended the war in favor of the U.S., but did not reach Andrew Jackson until after the Battle of New Orleans was fought. Like in the Revolutionary War, slaves were promised freedom by the British, but the U.S. forced them to return them to their owners after the war. The war solidified the U.S.’s power in over American Indians to the west and over the British. It also led to a rise in nationalism.
What were the 7 main Social Advocacy and Reform Movements
- Abolition of Slavery
- Education
- Expansion of Democracy
- Prisons
- Temperance
- Wards of the state
- Women’s rights
Erie Canal
The Erie Canal provided a direct water route from New York City to the Midwest, triggering large-scale commercial and agricultural development—as well as immigration—to the sparsely populated frontiers of western New York, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan and points farther west.
Cotton Kingdom
the states of the Deep South had become a “cotton kingdom,” a vast expanse of cotton plantations that extended from the South Carolina lowcountry to East Texas.
