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M2M - Niswander > Unit III Week 1 > Flashcards

Unit III Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Two major types of tumor initiation mutations

A

Activation mutation in oncogene

Inactivation mutation in tumor supressor gene

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2
Q

Importance of heredity in cancer

A

Cancer is not inherited (as single Mendelian) but accumulated over time with age.
Susceptibility to development can be inherited

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3
Q

Knudson’s Two Hit Hypothesis

A

Inherit one bad gene copy (hit 1)

Mutation/recombination/chr loss over life causes LOH (hit 2)

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4
Q

Familial retinoblastoma inheritance

A

Recessive disorder (dominant inheritance), but inheriting one bad copy generally results in cancer due to high LOH

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5
Q

Sporadic retinoblastoma inheritance

A

Recessive disorder, not strongly inherited

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6
Q

Functions of APC, BRCA1, BRCA2

A

Tumor suppressor genes
APC: prevents ß-catenin from entering nucleus
BRCA1/2: function in cell cycle checkpoints

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7
Q

Function of p53

A

Tumor suppressor gene
Transcription factor
DNA mutation repair in cell cycle (cell cycle arrest)
Apoptosis stimulating

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8
Q

Mutations of p53

A

Hotspot point mutations

Dominant negative mutations

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9
Q

RNA genome segments

A

gag: internal virion proteins
env: membrane glycoproteins
pol: virus polymerase
v-onc: necessary for malignancy
(v-src, v-erb, v-abl, v-myc)

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10
Q

Oncogene function: v-erb-B

A

Codes for protein similar to EGFR
Increases change of growth simulating properties
Tyrosine kinase activity

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11
Q

Oncogene function: v-abl

A

BCR-ABL
CML
Tyrosine kinase activty

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12
Q

Li-Fraumeni criteria

A

Autosomal dominant
~70% have p53 mutation
Hereditary and sporadic

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13
Q

Li-Fraumeni and Knudson’s Hypothesis

A 
Hit 1: p53 point mutation
Hit 2a: amplification of HER2
Hit 2b: EFGR mutation
Hit 2c: changes to oncogene
(Hit 2 can be on different gene)
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14
Q

Von Hippel-Lindau

A

Autosomal dominant
VHL gene = tumor suppressor
Penetrance >95% at 65 y/o (variability in severity)
Cystic and highly vascularized tumors in organs

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15
Q

Therapies to treat ccRCC

A 
Majority are sporadic
Local vs. metastatic
Surgical resection/nephrectomy
VEGF-R and MTOR inhibitors
Immunotherapies
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16
Q

SREBP

SCAP

A

Cholesterol regulator
Binds bHLH transcription factor for LDLR and all 30 synthesis proteins (released by two step proteolysis RIP)
SCAP escorts SREBP to Golgi to trigger nuclear receptors

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17
Q

Under high cholesterol conditions, SCAP will be ________ with Insig

A

Bound to/associated with

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18
Q

Plasma volume

A

3 liters

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19
Q

ECF/ICF/3rd space volume

A

13/27/5

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20
Q

High concentration in ECF

A

Na+, Cl-
H2O equal
No A (large molecules)

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21
Q

High concentration in ICF

A

K+, A

H2O equal

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22
Q

Forces that determine gating properties

A

Temperature
Mechanical
Chemical
Electrical

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23
Q

Mechanisms to keep cell from bursting

A

Membrane impermeable to water
Cell wall (brute force)
Osmotic balance

24
Q

Molarity

A

standard measure of concentration

25
Q

Osmolarity

A

molarity of all solute

26
Q

Tonicity

A

how cell reacts to given ECF solution

27
Q

Hypotonic/hypertonic

A

swell/shrink

28
Q

SNARE proteins

A

Syntaxin - sits on PM, TM domain and H domain
SNAP-25 - sits on PM, no TM domain and 2x H domains
VAMP - sits on vesicle, TM domain and H domain
amphipathic a-helices conserved b/t families

29
Q

Steps of vesicle/membrane fusion

A

Nucleation - removal of nsec1 (bound to syntaxin)
Zippering - coil-coiled trimer of a-helices
squeeze out H2O and overcome charge repulsion
Fusion

30
Q

Dissociation of SNARE proteins

A

NSF - twists apart SNARE complex with ATP

nsec1 - binds syntaxin to stabilize and re-fold

31
Q

Viral membrane fusion

A

Only one protein with hairpin and multiple helical domains
Several on surface of virus bind membrane (PM or inner)
Ratchet via helical domains to squeeze out H2O etc

32
Q

Influenza depends on a drop in _____ to trigger fusion to membrane

A

pH (lysosome)

33
Q

Electric forces are _____ than osmotic forces

A

stronger

34
Q

Two forces that act on ion movement

A

concentration

electrical gradient

35
Q

Nernst equation

A

E=RT/ZF * log(Cout/Cin)

E (mV)= 60/Z * log(Cout/Cin)

36
Q

When Vm≠Eion

A

Membrane is either impermeable or has a pump

37
Q

When Vm=Eion

A

Happy! Diffusion without pump - equilibrium

38
Q

[H+] * [OH-] =

A

1x10-14

39
Q

The lower (higher) the pKa the _____ the acid

A

stronger (weaker)

40
Q

HH equation

A

pH=pKa + log([A-]/[HA])

undissociated/dissociated

41
Q

HH equation for bicarb buffer

A

pH=6.1 + log([HCO3-]/(.03*PCO2))

42
Q

Normal arterial (venous) blood pH

A

7.34-7.44 (7.28-7.42)

43
Q

Normal [HCO3-] in blood

A

24mM

44
Q

Normal PCO2 in blood

A

40mmHg

45
Q

Normal [CO2] in blood

A

1.2mM

46
Q

Amount of A-/HA necessary to move pH of buffer by 1?

A

10x

47
Q

Smoking and IBD

A

Current smokers at greater risk for Crohn’s

Previous smokers/nonsmokers at greater risk for ulcerative colitis

48
Q

Fistulas and IBD

A

Crohn’s: fistulas common (GI to GI or GI to surface)

Ulcerative colitis: fistulas uncommon

49
Q

Crohn’s vs UC

A

Crohn’s: upper GI, ileum, rare blood in stool

UC: lower GI, rectum, common blood in stool

50
Q

Extraintestinal manifestations of IBD

A 
Erythema nodosum (~25%)
red rash that doesn't have to be on shin
51
Q

IBD Etiology

A 
inappropriate inflammatory response to intestinal microbes
NOD2, Th17 pathways/autophagy genes
Rising prevalence (diet, abx use, tobacco etc)
52
Q

Straightforward DKA symptoms

A 
increased deep respirations
n/v
thirsty
high urine output
elevated glucose
low venous pH
high K+ levels in blood
53
Q

Major metabolic disturbances in DKA

A

hyperglycemia (no insulin)
acidosis (accumulation of ketone bodies)
K+ depletion (despite high levels in blood, H+/K+ exchanger)
dehydration (excess glucose leaks into urine and takes lots of H2O with it)

54
Q

Three target sites of insulin

A

glucose into cells
inhibit formation of glucose by liver
synthesize glycogen

55
Q

Risk for cerebral edema in DKA tx

A

After insulin, brain takes glucose much faster
H2O follows -> swelling
Tx: mannitol - raises ECF concentration, can’t cross BBB

M2M - Niswander (4 decks)

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