Unit III Vocab Flashcards
1
Q
- The abundance of wealth and goods or the consumption of high volumes of goods, particularly those taken from the natural environment.
A
Affluence
2
Q
- Shows the distribution of age and sex in a population.
- The y-axis of the diagram shows age groups from birth to old age. The x-axis shows the population percentage.
A
Age Structure Diagram
3
Q
- The rate at which a species reproduces with unlimited conditions.
- This means that the species is living in ideal conditions with no limit to the number of food resources, no predators present, and no threat of disease.
A
Biotic Population
4
Q
The maximum population size of a biological species that can be sustained by that specific environment, given the food, habitat, water, and other resources available.
A
Carrying Capacity
5
Q
- The number of births per 1,000 individuals per year.
- The crude death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year.
- We do not factor in migration for the global population because we aren’t leaving the Earth.
A
CBR
6
Q
- The crude death rate refers to the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals in a population within a specific time period.
A
CDR
7
Q
- A behavior in an organism, usually sessile, in which individuals of a particular species group close to one another for beneficial purposes.
- Can be caused by the abiotic environment surrounding an organism.
A
Clumping
8
Q
– These studies are a type of research design. They are also called longitudinal studies because they follow groups of people over time.
- Results from these studies can help people understand human health and the environmental and social factors that influence it.
- This word means a group of people.
A
Cohort
9
Q
- A group or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area at the same time.
A
Community
10
Q
- Connections across the landscape that link up areas of habitat.
- They support natural processes that occur in a healthy environment, including the movement of species to find resources, such as food and water.
A
Corridor
11
Q
- A theory model that countries tend to shift from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as they become wealthier and more industrialized.
A
Demographic Transition Model
12
Q
- The study of the characteristics of populations.
- It provides a mathematical description of how those characteristics change over time.
A
Demography
13
Q
- Factors that affect the per capita growth rate of a population differently depending on how dense the population already is.
A
Density-Dependent Factors
14
Q
- In ecology, any force that affects the size of a population of living things regardless of the density of the population (the number of individuals per unit area).
A
Density-Independent Factors
15
Q
- Countries that have higher average incomes, slower population growth, diverse industrial economies, and stronger social support systems; has a higher consumption of natural resources.
A
Developed Countries
16
Q
- Nations characterized by a low standard of living, poor infrastructure, and a lack of industrialization.
- Third World countries, or non-industrialized countries.
A
Developing Countries
17
Q
- The gradual deterioration of health in trees, sometimes leading to tree death.
- Usually caused by a combination of factors, such as disease and pathogens, insect attack and/or stressful climate conditions.
A
Dieback
18
Q
- Common term used when studying population growth.
- It is the projected amount of time that it will take for a given population to double.
- It is based on the annual growth rate and is calculated by what is known as “The Rule of 70.”
A
Doubling Time
19
Q
- A population’s per capita (per individual) growth rate stays the same regardless of population size, making the population grow faster and faster as it gets larger. – In nature, populations may grow exponentially for some period, but they will ultimately be limited by resource availability.
A
Exponential Growth
20
Q
- The effort to plan the number and spacing of one’s children, so as to offer children and parents the best quality of life possible.
A
Family Planning
21
Q
- An organism’s reproductive capacity (the number of offspring it’s capable of producing).
- The higher the ________ of an organism, the less energy it’s likely to invest in each offspring, both in terms of direct resources – such as fuel reserves placed in an egg or seed – and in terms of parental care.
A
Fecundity
22
Q
- Able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources (for example, a heterotroph with a varied diet).
A
Generalist Species
23
Q
- Is the total market value of all final goods and services produced during a given time period within a nation’s domestic borders. - Is an important and common measurement for the health of an economy.
A
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
24
Q
- To movement of an organism to an area.
- For example, a bird may move to a new island from another island.
A
Immigration
25
Q
- The leaving of a place of residence or habitat with the intent of living in another place.
A
Emigration
26
Q
- The decrease in fitness with increased genome-wide homozygosity that occurs in the offspring of related parents.
A
Inbreeding Depression
27
Q
- The process of transforming the economy of a nation or region from a focus on agriculture to a reliance on manufacturing. - Mechanized methods of mass production are an essential component of this transition.
A
Industrialization
28
Q
- The probability of a child born in a specific year or period dying before reaching the age of one, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of that period.
A
Infant/Child Mortality
29
Q
- The population growth rate of a species when it is growing by itself at low density, unaffected by intraspecific negative density dependence or interspecific competition.
A
Intrinsic Growth Rate (r)
30
Q
- Curve that graphically represents a situation in a new environment where the population density of an organism increases at an exponential rate.
A
J-Shaped Curve
31
Q
- Produce offspring that each have a higher probability of survival to maturity.
- Although not always the case, more common in larger animals, like whales or elephants, with longer lifespans and overlapping generations.
- The young tend to be altricial (immature, requiring extensive care).
A
K-Selected
32
Q
- Can be defined as a statistical measure of the average years that a person or a cohort of individuals can expect to live under normal conditions.
- It is not a predictive tool, rather it is an assessor of the average quality of life.
A
Life Expectancy
33
Q
- Environmental features that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism or a population of organisms in an ecosystem.
A
Limiting Resource
34
Q
- Population expansion decreases as resources become scarce, leveling off when the carrying capacity of the environment is reached, resulting in an S-shaped curve.
A
Logistic Growth Model
35
Q
- The idea that human population growth is the primary driver of environmental harms and population control a prerequisite to environmental protection.
A
Malthus
36
Q
- If population grows much faster than food production, the growth is checked in the end by famine, disease, and war.
A
Malthusian Theory
37
Q
- The patchiness of populations in space, and the role of this patchiness in population dynamics, population stability, coexistence of species, and the maintenance of diversity.
- Strict ones focus on colonization and extinction of local populations.
A
Metapopulation
38
Q
- The number of deaths, particularly on a large scale in a population or geographical region being studied.
A
Mortality
39
Q
- The difference between the number of immigrants (people coming into an area) and the number of emigrants (people leaving an area) divided by the population.
A
Net Migration Rate
40
Q
- Occurs when human demand exceeds the regenerative capacity of a natural ecosystem.
- Global occurs when humanity demands more than what the biosphere can renew.
- In other words, humanity’s Ecological Footprint exceeds what the planet can regenerate.
A
Overshoot
41
Q
- Any behavior that contributes to offspring survival, such as building a nest, provisioning offspring with food, or defending offspring from predators.
A
Parental Care
42
Q
- The concentration of individuals within a species in a specific geographic locale.
- Data can be used to quantify demographic information and to assess relationships among ecosystems, human health and infrastructure.
A
Population Density
43
Q
- Describes how the individuals of a population spread out across their habitat.
- Spatial patterns of population distribution may be clumped, uniform, or random.
- A clumped distribution shows a high population density in one area of the habitat.
A
Population Distribution
44
Q
- Illustrates how a population may increase exponentially until it reaches the carrying capacity of its environment.
- When a population’s number reaches the carrying capacity, population growth slows down or stops altogether.
A
Population Growth Model
45
Q
- The average change in a population over time is referred to as the population growth rate.
- A positive growth rate indicates a population increase, and a negative growth rate indicates a population decrease.
A
Population Growth Rate
46
Q
- Occurs when a country’s fertility rate declines to or below replacement level (2.1 children per woman), yet the population size continues to grow due to the age structure of the population.
A
Population Momentum
47
Q
- A graph that shows the distribution of ages across a population divided down the center between male and female members of the population.
- The graphic starts from youngest at the bottom to oldest at the top.
A
Population Pyramid
48
Q
- The total number of individuals of a particular species in a given area at a specific time.
- It is an important factor in understanding the dynamics and interactions within ecosystems.
A
Population Size (N)
49
Q
- A society that has undergone significant changes in its economic sector, particularly the decline of manufacturing industry and the emergence of new forms of employment.
- It is characterized by a shift in the organization and functioning of everyday life.
A
Post-Industrialization
50
Q
- Any period of time before the start of the industrial revolution.
- But the number of direct temperature measurements decreases as we go back in time.
A
Pre-Industrialization
51
Q
- Definition describes them as organisms that exhibit high reproductive rates followed by high mortality rates that lead to populations with highly fluctuating numbers.
A
R-Selected
52
Q
- Are distributed randomly, without a predictable pattern.
- An example of random dispersion comes from dandelions and other plants that have wind-dispersed seeds.
A
Random Dispersion
53
Q
- The level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next.
A
Replacement Level
54
Q
- The extent to which natural resources are accessible and sufficient to meet the needs of a population.
A
Resource Availability
55
Q
- A rule that can be used to determine how long it will take for a given population to double given its growth rate.
- States that if a population has a r% annual growth rate, then the number of years it will take for the population to double can be found by dividing 70 by r.
A
Rule of 70
56
Q
- Represents logistic growth.
- The lower curve of the S is formed as a small population grows exponentially.
- The upper curve of the S is formed as the population nears its carrying capacity and its growth rate slows.
A
S-Shaped Curve
57
Q
- The ratio of males to females in a population.
- As explained by Fisher’s principle, for evolutionary reasons this is typically about 1:1 in species which reproduce sexually.
- However, many species deviate from an even sex ratio, either periodically or permanently.
A
Sex Ratio
58
Q
- Can thrive only in a narrow range of environmental conditions or has a limited diet.
- Most organisms do not all fit neatly into either group, however.
A
Specialist
59
Q
- Graphs that show the proportion of a population that survives from one age to the next.
- These curves represent age-specific mortality in a group of organisms.
- To generate, ecologists typically collect age-specific survival rates for organisms within a cohort.
A
Survivorship Curve
60
Q
- The complex phenomenon of reduced fertility levels and the erosion of correlations between resources and fertility in populations undergoing significant societal changes.
A
Theory of Demographic Transition
61
Q
- The average number of children born to a woman in her reproductive age.
- This undoubtedly influences a community and their age structure/total population.
A
Total Fertility Rate
62
Q
- Individuals of a population are spaced more or less evenly.
- One example comes from plants that secrete toxins to inhibit growth of nearby individuals—a phenomenon called allelopathy.
A
Uniform Dispersion
