Unit II Trunk

Question 1

Where do permanent nephrons come from

Answer 1

metanephric blastema

Question 2

What is the first stage of lung development

Answer 2

pseudoglandular stage

Question 3

what is the second stage of lung development?

Answer 3

canalicular stage

Question 4

what is the third stage of lung development?

Answer 4

terminal sac stage

Question 5

what is the 4th stage of lung development

Answer 5

alveolar stage

Question 6

what happens in the psudeoglandular stage?

Answer 6

developing lung tissue resembles glands

Question 7

what happens in the canalicular stage?

Answer 7

terminal sacs start to form but not enough or mature enough for gas exchange

Question 8

what happens during the terminal sac stage?

Answer 8

increased number of terminal sacs and aleveoli form that can perform gas exchange

Question 9

what happens during the alveolar stage?

Answer 9

drastic increase in alveoli

Question 10

what are the 4 stages of lung development

Answer 10

1. psuedoglandular stage
2. canalicular stage
3. terminal sac stage
4. alveolar stage

Question 11

Why is week 26 important in lung development?

Answer 11

marks dramatic mortality rate in premature babies. if born after 26 weeks have higher chance of surviving due to large amount of structures involved in gas exchange

Question 12

what gives rise to the paranchyma of the lungs?

Answer 12

endoderm

Question 13

what gives rise to the cartilage and smooth muscle, pleura, and serous membrane?

Answer 13

splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm

Question 14

why is the resistance of blood flow high in the pulmonary artery before birth and low after birth?

Answer 14

because baby takes first breath after birth and therefore decreases resistance because lungs inflate

Question 15

what gives rise to the distal 2/3 of the vagina?

Answer 15

endodermal lining

Question 16

what gives rise to the proximal 1/3 of the vagina?

Answer 16

intermediate mesoderm

Question 17

what gives rise to the uretary buds

Answer 17

Mesonephric duct

Question 18

what separates the developing lung buds from the developing esophagus?

Answer 18

tracheoesophogeal septum

Question 19

what separates the pericardium form the pleura during embryonic development?

Answer 19

pleuralpericardial membrane or folds

Question 20

what separates or completely blocks off the pleura from the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 20

septum transversum

Question 21

how do pericardialperitoneal folds grow and which side closes first?

Answer 21

dorsal to ventral, right side closes first because of growing liver

Question 22

what surrounds the diaphragm?

Answer 22

body wall somites

Question 23

what structures arise from the foregut?

Answer 23

stomach, liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, ventral pancreatic bud, and proximal 1/3 of the duodenum

Question 24

what gives rise to the uncinated process?

Answer 24

ventral pancreatic bud

Question 25

what comes from the midgut?

Answer 25

jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon, distal duodenum, appendix

Question 26

where would you find the vitalian duct along the midgut?

Answer 26

distal portion of illeum 1-2 inches from the cecum

Question 27

what gives rise to the median umbilical fold?

Answer 27

allantois

Question 28

where are pronephric kidneys found?

Answer 28

cervical region

Question 29

when do pronephric kidneys form?

Answer 29

week 4

Question 30

when do the mesonephric kidneys form?

Answer 30

week 4-10

Question 31

what kidneys are primitive nephrons located in?

Answer 31

mesonephric kidneys

Question 32

when do uretary buds form?

Answer 32

end of week 5

Question 33

what happens in week 9-10 in the kidneys?

Answer 33

mesonephric kidneys disappear, metanephric kidneys start to form

Question 34

What structures does the nephrogenic ridge sequentially form?

Answer 34

pronephros kidneys mesonephros metanephros

Question 35

what is the functionality of pronephros kidneys?

Answer 35

primitive and never functional

Question 36

what is the functionality of the mesonephros kidneys

Answer 36

temporary and functional

Question 37

what is the functionality metanephros kidneys?

Answer 37

permanent and functional

Question 38

what is the pronephric duct?

Answer 38

cord of intermediate mesoderm that grows towards mesonephros and induces mesonephric duct formation

Question 39

where are mesonephric kidneys located?

Answer 39

T1-L3

Question 40

what do mesonephric ducts do?

Answer 40

drain formed urine into developing urinary bladder

Question 41

what are the 2 components of the mentanephros kidneys?

Answer 41

ureteric bud | metanephric blastema

Question 42

what does the ureteric bud give rise to?

Answer 42

ureter, renal pelvis, calyces, collecting tubules, and ducts

Question 43

what does metanephric blastema give rise to?

Answer 43

nephrons

Question 44

where do metanephric kidneys grow and where do they migrate to?

Answer 44

grow in pelvic region, ascend to thoracolumbar level

Question 45

what gives rise to the urogenital ridge?

Answer 45

intermediate mesoderm

Question 46

when is baby ambisexual?

Answer 46

5-6 weeks

Question 47

what does the genital ridge give rise to?

Answer 47

cord cells | mesenchyme

Question 48

where do primordial germ cells come from?

Answer 48

endoderm

Question 49

what does SRY stimulate?

Answer 49

TDF

Question 50

what does TDF give rise to?

Answer 50

``` leydig cells (mesenchyme) sertoli cells (cord cells) ```

Question 51

what do mesonephric ducts become in the genital system after they are repurposed?

Answer 51

epididymis and vas deferens

Question 52

what does the cloaca divide into?

Answer 52

ventral (urogential) space | dorsal (rectal space)

Question 53

what do cord cells become in males?

Answer 53

sertoli cell

Question 54

what do cord cells become in females?

Answer 54

fallicular cells

Question 55

where does the glans of the penis come from?

Answer 55

genital tubercle

Question 56

where does the shaft of the penis come from?

Answer 56

urogenital folds

Question 57

where does the scrotum come from?

Answer 57

labioscrotal folds

Question 58

where does the glans of the clitoris come from?

Answer 58

genital tubercle

Question 59

where does the labia minora come from?

Answer 59

urogenital folds

Question 60

where does the labia majora come from?

Answer 60

labioscrotal folds

Question 61

where does the vestibule come from?

Answer 61

urethral plate

Question 62

what is esophageal atresia?

Answer 62

abnormal division of the esophagus causing inability to swallow

Question 63

what is tracheoesophageal fistula?

Answer 63

incomplete separation of esophagus from trachea. increases danger of aspirating stomach acid into the lungs

Question 64

what do pericardioperitoneal canals do?

Answer 64

allow communication between abdominal and thoracic cavities

Question 65

what does the central tendon of the diaphragm come from?

Answer 65

septum transversum

Question 66

what does the fusion of the right and left endocardial tubes form?

Answer 66

the primitive heart tube

Question 67

what stage do pneumocytes in the lungs first appear?

Answer 67

terminal sac

Question 68

what returns first into the body from a physiological herniation?

Answer 68

Jejunum

Question 69

what layer drapes over the transverse colon during development?

Answer 69

dorsal mesogastrium

Question 70

what arterial branches supply blood to the ventral pancreatic bud?

Answer 70

celiac trunk branches

Question 71

at the 5th week of embryonic development, what kidney structure is functional?

Answer 71

mesonephros

Question 72

what gives rise to the seminal vesicles?

Answer 72

mesonephric duct

Question 73

what is bilateral renal agenisis?

Answer 73

during 5th week of development, mesonephric ducts fail to form on both sides of the embryo and kidneys fail to form

Question 74

what do labia minora come from?

Answer 74

urogenital folds

Question 75

if a geneitcally male embryo develops a uterus in the third trimester, why did this occur?

Answer 75

embryo has a mutation that renders paramesonephric ducts to become insensitive to AMH/MIF

Question 76

what does TDF give rise to in males?

Answer 76

Laydig cells and sertolli cells

Question 77

what does testosterone stimulate the formation of in males?

Answer 77

external genitalia and male genital ducts

Question 78

what do sertolli cells give activate?

Answer 78

MIF (mullerian inhibiting factor)

Question 79

what does MIF do in males?

Answer 79

causes degeneration of the mullerian ducts

Question 80

what do cord cells become in females?

Answer 80

follicular cells

Question 81

what do mesenchyme cells become in females?

Answer 81

stromal cells

Question 82

why are there mullerian ducts in females?

Answer 82

because there is no Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF)

Question 83

what do caudal mullerian ducts form when they fuse?

Answer 83

uterus

Question 84

what do cranial ducts of the mullerian do and form?

Answer 84

they don't fuse and they form the fallopian tubes

Question 85

when the caudal uterus stimulates the urogenital vesicle endoderm, what forms?

Answer 85

the vagina

Question 86

what does the cloaca transform into?

Answer 86

ventral (urogential space) and the dorsal (rectal) space

Question 87

what are the bipotential genital ducts?

Answer 87

mesonephric duct and paramesonephric duct

Question 88

what are gonads made of?

Answer 88

cord cells and germ cells which recipricolllaryddddddd induce each other

Question 89

what does the trigone come from?

Answer 89

caudal mesonephric ducts