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forensic anthropology > UNIT II : SKELETAL BIOLOGY > Flashcards

UNIT II : SKELETAL BIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

the strongest, least flexible connective tissue less than 20%of body weight

A

bone

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2
Q

one of the strongest biological materials in the human body, it is the main supporting tissue of the body

A

bone

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3
Q

a composite material made up of protein (collagen) and mineral (hydroxyapatite) making it lightweight

A

bone

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4
Q

functions of bone

A

 support
 protection (skull, pelvis, rib cage)
 movement
 site of blood cell formation (within the marrow cavities of the bone)
 mineral storage
 triglyceride storage

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5
Q

a large structure large enough to be viewed with the naked eye

A

MACROSTRUCTURE (GROSS ANATOMY)

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6
Q

– the end of a bone; a secondary center of ossification

A

Epiphysis

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7
Q

– the shaft or primary center of ossification

A

Diaphysis

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8
Q

the area of epiphysis-diaphysis union or fusion

A

Metaphysis

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9
Q

the marrow cavity within the shaft of a long bone

A

Medullary cavity

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10
Q

– holes in bone for passage of blood vessels

A

Nutrient canals

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11
Q

a structure that cannot be seen without magnification

A

MICROSTRUCTURE (MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY)

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12
Q

dense bone; it forms the bone cortex
the structural component is the osteon or Haversian system

A

COMPACT BONE

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13
Q

a cylinder-shaped structure oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone and the main compression stresses

made up of concentric lamella.

A

osteon or Haversian system

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14
Q

spongy bone or trabecular bone and contains the marrow

A

CANCELLOUS BONE

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15
Q

bone with tubular lamellae

A

LAMELLAR BONE

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16
Q

fibrous, nonlamellar, primitive, embryonic, or healing bone;
the matrix is irregular

A

WOVEN BONE

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17
Q

contains few spaces and is the strongest form of bone tissue

found beneath the periosteum of all bones and makes up the bulk of the diaphysis of long bones

A

Compact Bone / Cortical Bone

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18
Q

provides protection and support and resists the stresses produced by weight and movement

A

Compact Bone / Cortical Bone

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19
Q

nourished by self-contained blood vessels that travel within the central canals of the osteon and interconnect by perforating or Volkmann’s canals

A

Compact Bone / Cortical Bone

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20
Q

connects muscles to the bone

A

tendon

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21
Q

the largest tendon in the body
muscle to heels

A

Achilles tendon

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22
Q

inner lining of the bone

A

endosteum

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23
Q

outer lining of the bone

A

periosteum

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24
Q

connects one haversian to another haversian
transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone

A

Volkmann canal

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25
Q

much less complex in the organization than the compact bone

made up of TRABECULAE, each of which has a few layers of lamellae, but lacks osteons and self-contained blood vessels

A

Spongy Bone / Cancellous Bone

26
Q

nourished by diffusion from capillaries in the surrounding endosteum

makes up most of the bone tissue of short, flat, and irregularly shaped bones

A

Spongy Bone / Cancellous Bone

27
Q

forms most of the epiphyses of long bones and a narrow rim around the medullary cavity of the diaphysis of long bones

has a more spongy, porous, lightweight, honeycomb structure

A

Spongy Bone / Cancellous Bone

28
Q

limb bones and many of the hand and foot bones that are tubular in shape and have expanded ends

A

long bones

29
Q

include bones of the cranial vault, shoulder, pelvis, and rib cage

A

Flat Bones

30
Q

include bones of the ankle, wrist, and spine

A

Irregular Bones

31
Q

the process of laying down new bone material by cells
called osteoblasts.

It is synonymous with bone tissue formation

A

OSSIFICATION

32
Q

are the cells that form new bones. They also come from the bone marrow and are related to structural cells

They have only one nucleus.

A

OSTEOBLASTS

33
Q

They produce new bone called “osteoid” which is made of bone
collagen and other protein. Then they control calcium and mineral
deposition. They are found on the surface of the new bone.

A

OSTEOBLASTS

33
Q

large cells that dissolve the bone
come from the bone marrow and are related to white blood cells
usually have more than one nucleus
found on the surface of the bone mineral next to the dissolving bone

A

OSTEOCLASTS

34
Q

cells inside the bone
also come from osteoblasts
sense pressures or cracks in the bone and help to direct where osteoclasts will dissolve the bone

A

OSTEOCYTES

35
Q

elastic tissue - bone - one & stability
thighbone to the shinbone, stabilizing the knee joint

A

ligament

36
Q

soft, gel-like padding between bones that protect joints and facilitates movement

A

cartilage

37
Q

most common type of cartilage in your body
lines your joints and caps the ends of your bones

A

hyaline cartilage

38
Q

tough cartilage made of thick fibers
strongest and least flexible

A

fibrocartilage

39
Q

cartilage found at the end of bones that form joints, between ribs, in nasal passage

A

hyaline cartilage

40
Q

cartilage found at the meniscus in your knee, disks between the vertebrae in your spine, supporting muscles, tendons, and ligaments

A

fibrocartilage

41
Q

most flexible cartilage
supports parts of the body that need to bend and move to function

A

elastic cartilage

42
Q

cartilage found at the external ears, eustachian tubes, larynx

A

elastic cartilage

43
Q

LCL

A

lateral collateral ligament

44
Q

MCL

A

medial collateral ligament

45
Q

ACL

A

anterior cruciate ligament

46
Q

PCL

A

posterior cruciate ligament

47
Q

major
embryonic
process of
bone
formation

A

Endochondral
Ossification

48
Q

This is a
process that
uses hyaline
cartilage as
the model for
long bone
formation.

A

Endochondral
Ossification

49
Q

Results in trabecular or cancellous bone formation

Produces somewhat haphazard cancellous structure found in internal aspect of some bone

A

Endochondral
Ossification

50
Q

a cartilaginous secondary center of ossification
- a tissue layer responsible for bone formation, it “grows away” from the shaft center

A

GROWTH PLATE / EPIPHYSEAL GROWTH PLATE

51
Q

As the individual grows, the epiphyseal plate is pushed further from the primary growth center of the bone (shaft), thus lengthening the bone

A

true

52
Q

Ossification and bone growth come to a halt when cells at the growth plate stops dividing, and the epiphysis fuses with the metaphysis of the shaft. Because the ends of the long bone flare, substantial remodeling occurs as the bone
lengthens during this process

A

trur

53
Q

the process of bone development from fibrous membranes.

A

. Intramembranous Ossification

54
Q

It is involved in the formation of the flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and the clavicles. Ossification begins as mesenchymal cells forma
template of the future bone. They then differentiate into osteoblasts at theossification center

A

. Intramembranous Ossification

54
Q

Osteoblasts secrete the extracellular matrix and deposit calcium, which hardens the matrix. The non-mineralized portion of the bone or osteoid continues to form around blood vessels, forming spongy bone. Connective tissue in the matrix differentiates into red bone marrow in the fetus. The spongy bone is remodeled into a thin layer of compact bone on the surface of the spongy bone

A

. Intramembranous Ossification

55
Q

This ossification forms the compact, regularly organized bone that is
exposed on the external surface

A

. Intramembranous Ossification

56
Q

flat bones

A

cranial bones
sternum
scapulae
ribs

57
Q

irregular bones

A

hip bones (2)

cervical (7)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
sacrum (1)
coccyx (1)

hyoid bone (1)

temporal bone (2)
ethmoid (1)
sphenoid (1)
zygomatic (2)
maxilla (2)
mandible (1)
inferior nasal concha (2)
palatine (2)

malleus (2)
incus (2)
stapes (2)

58
Q
  1. Formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage model.
  2. Cavitation of the hyaline cartilage within the cartilage model.
  3. Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation.
  4. Formation of the medullary cavity as ossification continues, appearance of secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5.
  5. Ossification of the epiphyses; when completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages
A

Endochondral
Ossification

59
Q
  1. Development of ossification center:
    osteoblasts secrete organic extracellular matrix
  2. Calcification; calcium and other mineral salts are deposited and the extracellular matrix calcifies (hardens)
  3. Formation of trabeculae: extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae that fuse to form spongy bone
  4. Development of the periosteum mesenchyme at the periphery of the bone develops into the periosteum
A

intramembranous ossification

forensic anthropology (2 decks)

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