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Ecology & Evolution Final Exam > Unit II: Population Ecology > Flashcards

Unit II: Population Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a survivorship curve?

A

graph of the number of surviving population members versus the relative age of the member

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2
Q

What is a survivorship curve used for?

A

It is used to visualize and compare life histories

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3
Q

Exponential Growth is density ___________.

A

independent

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4
Q

What is Exponential Growth?

A

accelerating growth pattern seen in populations under conditions where resources are NOT limiting

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5
Q

Exponential growth has an _____ population growth rate.

A

accelerating

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6
Q

What is Population Growth Rate?

A

number of organisms added in each reproductive generation

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7
Q

When does exponential growth occur?

A

It happens in nature when there is NO intraspecific competition, such as:
- new population
- after a bottleneck
- increase in resources
- decrease in predation

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8
Q

How do you calculate exponential growth rate?

A

dN/dT = rN
(r = intrinsic rate of increase
N = population size
T = time
d = derivative)

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9
Q

What do the values of r mean?

A

neg: decreasing N
0: zero population growth
pos: increasing N

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10
Q

Why does the potential for growth vary among species?

A

This is because of the variation in Life History traits.
- high potential growth rate: r - selection strategy
- low potential growth rate: K - selection strategy

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11
Q

What is Biotic Potential (max)?

A

maximal potential growth rate of a species

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12
Q

How do you calculate maximum growth for a species?

A

dN/dT = rmaxN

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13
Q

What is Logistic Growth?

A

leveling off of exponential growth due to limiting resources

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14
Q

What is Carrying Capacity?

A

(K) number of individuals of a species that can be supported by the limited resources of a habitat

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15
Q

As N approached K, the growth of the population ___.

A

slows

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16
Q

On a graph, the Malthusian catastrophe passes the carrying capacity of the population size.

A

True

17
Q

How do you calculate logistic growth?

A

dN/dT = rmaxN * (K-N)/K

18
Q

All individuals have an _______, which shapes how individuals survive and reproduce

A

energy budget

19
Q

What is an Energy Budget?

A

allocation of energy resources for body maintenance, reproduction, and parental care

20
Q

Can you have both fecundity AND parental care?

A

no

21
Q

What is Fecundity?

A

potential reproductive capacity of an individual, which is usually measured in females due to asymmetry of sexes

22
Q

What is Parental Care?

A

investment by parents in the production, survival, and reproduction of offspring

23
Q

What are the typically trade-offs in life history traits (fecundity, parental care)?

A

you can have few offspring with high parental care or lots of offspring with low parental care

24
Q

What is the Type I survivorship curve?

A

high in seed/offspring size but low in seed/offspring amount/number

25
Q

What is the Type III survivorship curve?

A

low in seed/offspring size but high in seed/offspring amount/number

26
Q

What trade-off issues does the time of reproduction present?

A

Early Reproduction
- allocate lots of energy to growth
- greater chance that you survive to reproductive age
Late Reproduce
- slower growth, need to survive longer before reproducing
- but if individuals survive to reproductive age they are more “mature”

27
Q

Reproduction is costly in terms of lifetime fitness as reproducing more offspring now reduces the ability to survive and reproduce later. True or False?

A

True

28
Q

There is no variation in how species allocate their energy budget to the number of times they breed. True or False?

A

False, there is variation.

29
Q

What is Semelparity?

A

life history strategy characterized by a single reproductive event followed by death

30
Q

What is Iteroparity?

A

life history strategy characterized by a multiple reproductive events during the lifetime of a species

31
Q

Describe r - selection life history (Type III survivorship).

A
  1. high fecundity
  2. low parental care
  3. fast maturity
  4. small body size
  5. low disease/predator resistance
  6. low survivorship/lifespan
32
Q

Describe K - selection life history (Type I survivorship).

A
  1. low fecundity
  2. high parental care
  3. slow maturity
  4. large body size
  5. high disease/predator resistance
  6. high survivorship/lifespan

Ecology & Evolution Final Exam (15 decks)

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