Unit II Attitudes

Question 1

Attitudes

Answer 1

Elliot Anderson: Enduring evaluation
Characteristics- Long lasting and making judgements.

Question 2

Characteristics of attitudes

Answer 2

• directed to an attitude object
• part of personality
• an outlet of typical responses
• an emotional response
• based on belief and experiences

Question 3

Nature of attitudes

Answer 3

Functional and structural

Question 4

Functions of attitudes

Answer 4

Adaptive
Self/ego expressive
Knowledge
Ego-defensive
Helps mediate bn inner and outer needs

Question 5

Structure of attitudes

Answer 5

Affective dimension concerns our feelings
Behavioral dimension concerns our actions
Cognitive dimension concerns our beliefs

Question 6

Measurement of attitudes: Scales

Answer 6

Direct ways and indirect ways. Likert scales, semantic differential scales and Thurstone scales.

Question 7

Factors affecting the formation of an attitude

Answer 7

Education, Socialization, Peer influence
Media, Role models, Culture and ethnicity
Personality and genes, social learning, Parental involvement, desire for health and physique enhancement.

Question 8

Changing people’s attitudes in sports

Answer 8

cognitive dissonance theory, Persuasive communication theory, Agenda setting, framing theory, mere exposure theory

Question 9

Changing people’s attitudes in sports

Answer 9

cognitive dissonance

Question 10

Mental toughness

Answer 10

Ability to cope in difficult circumstances. coping with pressure of competition, coming back after failure, determination and resilience. General and specific. psychological edge.

Question 11

Winning teams factors

Answer 11

MT, self discipline, self sacrifice and teamwork

Question 12

Mental toughness constructs

Answer 12

• control; being able to keep emotions in check
• commitment; taking an active role in events
• challenge; a positive attitude to change
• confidence; self-belief.

Question 13

Importance of MT

Answer 13

Employability, performance, wellbeing, completion/dropout rates, life skills, and positive behavior.

Question 14

Gender differences in MT

Answer 14

Males score significantly higher than females on MT instruments. male athletes scored significantly higher than female athletes on mental toughness, confidence, and control
Gender differences have not been systematically explored
Reasons: Less exposed, bodies monitored, internalised stereotypes.

Question 15

Race/Ethnicity differences in MT

Answer 15

African American culture sport is generally given an importance, especially for men, which is greater than that seen in Caucasian culture
Black athletes, as compared to White athletes, report experiencing greater investment in sport, greater responsibility for competition outcomes, higher expectations. Not only do Black athletes place more emphasis and importance on sport than White athletes, they also have greater belief in their athletic abilities and potential. Such confidence may help them succeed under culturally added pressures that are not experienced to the same degree by White athletes

Question 16

Mood and MT

Answer 16

Not studied directly. Research to suggest that such a relationship may exist. Low levels of “negative” mood states (tension, depression, anger, fatigue, confusion) and high levels of “positive” mood states (vigor), also referred to as an “iceberg profile” (Morgan, 1985), relate positively to athletic performance. A mentally tough athlete is expected to have a high degree of emotional control and a mindset that facilitates optimal performance. Mentally tough athletes should be capable of regulating their mood such that they are in an optimal emotional state

Question 17

Negative aspects of mental toughness

Answer 17

Pain= weakness
slow rehab recovery

Question 18

Transferability of MT

Question 19

Current Mental Toughness Instrumentation in Sports

Answer 19

Cricket Mental Toughness Inventory (CMTI) Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ) and Performance Profile Inventory (PPI)

Question 20

Development of MT

Answer 20

Inherent personality trait
A state of mind
Both

Question 21

Practising MT

Answer 21

Psychological (e.g., relaxation training, imagery, coping, punishment-conditioned stimuli)
Physical strategies (e.g., one-year training with the team)
In most of the psychological strategy interventions specific details are given, there is a substantial vagueness when it comes to physical strategies

Question 22

Coach influence on MT

Answer 22

Be challenging and have high expectations
Have an approach to training planning that develops MT in competition too
Create a tough, but also motivational climate that fosters MT
Integrate mental skills training within physical training to accelerate the transfer of mental skills into competition

Question 23

Importance of MT in sports

Answer 23

Improve performance and wellbeing concluded that MT could help individuals towards the completion of their achievement goals
MT levels affect the psychological response to injury. High mentally tough individuals displayed more positive threat appraisals
Better able to cope with pain than their less mentally tough counterparts. Greater attendance at rehabilitation sessions was displayed by more mentally tough individuals
More positive behavior during clinic rehab was characterized by low mental toughness

Question 24

Perspective of MT

Answer 24

Vast majority of the research has examined the nature of MT from the athletes’ perspective.
But due importance should be given to the role of coaches

Question 25

Attributes of MT

Answer 25

• Mindset/Attitude (Beliefs and focus)
• Training (Long terms goals, pushing over the limit, controlling envt.)
• Competition (pressure, attitude, awareness, control)
• Post-competition (handling success and failures)

Question 26

Causes for lack of MT

Answer 26

Too much stress
Too little stress
Weak thinking skills
Weak imagery skills
Weak acting skills
Weak emotional response

Question 27

Interventions for MT

Answer 27

Baseline
Intervention Phase
Post Intervention Phase
Psychological skills (Goal setting- thinking about goals, SMART, Positive self-talk, Mental imagery, Relaxation techniques )

Question 28

Goal setting

Answer 28

Write your goals down
Create an action plan
Create a timeline
Take action
Re-evaluate and assess your progress