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Embryology > Unit II > Flashcards

Unit II Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary System

A
  1. Skin
  2. Hair
  3. Nails
  4. Mammary Glands
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2
Q

The 2 layers of skin are:

A
  1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

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3
Q

Epidermis is derived from

A

ectoderm

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4
Q

Dermis is derived from

A

Mesoderm

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5
Q

How does embryonic skin begin?

A

A single layer of surface ectoderm cells

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6
Q

What 2 layers does surface ectoderm create?

A

Periderm and the basal layer

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7
Q

Periderm:

A

Keratinized Layer

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8
Q

Basal layer

A

produces new cells

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9
Q

Vernix Caseosa

A

Whitish, greasy substance formed by secretions of sebaceous glands and exfoliated cells (periderm). It covers the skin of the fetus

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10
Q

Vernix Caseosa Functions

A
  1. Protects fetal skin from amniotic fluid (urea and uric acid are in the fluid)
  2. Lubricates the fetus to facilitate parturition
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11
Q

What replaces the periderm?

A

The stratum corneum

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12
Q

Sweat glands

A

down-growths of the epidermis into the dermis

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13
Q

Epidermal ridges

A

finger prints (dermatoglyphics)

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14
Q

Fingerprints of children with chromosomal abnormalities

A

Have a pattern

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15
Q

Melanocytes

A

Derived from neural crest cells and produce skin pigmentation

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16
Q

Albinism

A

An autosomal recessive genetic trait where a person lacks pigmentation in the skin, hair, and retina. They have the normal number of melanocytes but lack the enzyme tyrosinase (produces melanin)

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17
Q

Problems associated with skin cancer and the retina

A

Pigmentation is necessary to protect the skin and eyes from UV Radiation

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18
Q

Dermal Papillae

A

project up into the epidermis. Contain blood vessels and nerves

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19
Q

Hair buds

A

down-growths of the epidermis into the dermis

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20
Q

Dermal root sheath

A

mesenchyme surrounding the hair bulb

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21
Q

Arrector muscles of hairs

A

elevate the hair shafts and are responsible for “goosebumps”

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22
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

a small bud grows from the wall of the developing hair follicle

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23
Q

Lanugo

A

The first hairs to develop. Help hold the vernix cases in place

24
Q

Fingernails reach the tips of the digits by week:

A

32

25
Q

Toenails reach the tips of the digits by week:

A

36

26
Q

Mammary crest (ridge)

A

A band-like thickening of the epidermis where mammary glands develop

27
Q

Mammary buds

A

down-growths of the epidermis into the underlying mesenchyme which develops into lactiferous ducts

28
Q

Polythelia

A

An extra nipple. More common in females. Always occurs along the mammary crest

29
Q

Polymastia

A

An extra breast. Usually develops inferior to the normal breast but can occur anywhere along the mammary crest

30
Q

Inverted Nipple

A

Can cause problems with baby’s latching.

  1. The nipple is everted and then inverts in adult hood is a sign of breast cancer
  2. A nipple that is always inverted is not a sign of breast cancer
31
Q

Somites differentiate into:

A
  1. Sclerotome

2. Dermomyotome

32
Q

Sclerotome

A

Gives rise to the vertebrae and ribs and is located ventromedially

33
Q

Dermomyotome:

A

Gives rise to muscle and dermis of the trunk. Located dorsolaterally

34
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Connective tissue made up of loosely woven sclerotomes

35
Q

Mesenchyme differentiates into:

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Chondroblasts
  3. Osteoblasts
36
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Bone develops from mesenchyme directly within membranous sheaths
Ex: Flat bones of the skull

37
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Mesenchyme differentiates first into hyaline cartilage models and then ossifies
Ex: Limb and most other bones

38
Q

Neurocranium

A

encloses the brain

39
Q

Viscerocranium

A

forms the face

40
Q

Neurocranium subdivides into:

A
  1. Membranous Neurocranium

2. Cartilaginous Neurocranium

41
Q

Membranous Neurocranium

A

forms the skull vault

42
Q

Cartilaginous Neurocranium:

A

forms the base of the skull

43
Q

Membranous neurocranium ossification

A

intramembranous

44
Q

What seperates flat bones at birth?

A

Fibrous tissue joints called sutures

45
Q

Fontanelles

A

sheet-like fibrous areas where more than 2 bones meet

46
Q

How many fontanelles are there?

A

6

47
Q

Name the 6 fontanelles

A
  1. Anterior fontanelle
  2. Posterior Fontanelle
  3. Anterolateral fontanelle (paired)
  4. Posterolateral Fontanelles (paired)
48
Q

Anterior Fontanelle

A

Largest, closes about 1.5 years after birth

49
Q

Posterior Fontanelle

A

closes about 3 months after birth

50
Q

Cartilaginous Neurocranium ossification

A

endochondral

51
Q

Craniosynthosis

A

Prenantal fusion of cranial sutures

52
Q

Scaphocephaly

A

premature fusion of the sagittal suture. Skull becomes long, narrow and wedge shaped (MOST COMMON)

53
Q

Brachycephaly

A

premature fusion of the coronal suture. Produces high, tower-like skull

54
Q

Acrania

A

Complete or partial absence of the neurocranium. Associated with major defects of the vertebral column and partial absence of the brain. Usually incompatible with life

55
Q

Viscerocranium

A

bones of the face formed from neural crest cells of the first 2 pharyngeal arches

56
Q

Sclerotomes differentiate into:

A
  1. Cranial part: loosely packed cells

2. Caudal part: densely packed cells

57
Q

Anulus Fibrosus

A

formed of the uppermost cells of the caudal part

Embryology (2 decks)

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