Unit II

Question 1

what is the typical response to independent antigens?

Answer 1

IgM is almost always mad

Question 2

What are some of the main mitogens?

Answer 2

phytohemagglutinin (PHA)
Pokeweed mitogen (PWM)

Question 3

What is the difference between a mitogen and antigen?

Answer 3

Mitogen doesnt bind to antibodies it binds to CD3

Question 4

does radiation selectively destroy t or b cells?

Answer 4

t cells

Question 5

On what chromosome is the HLA gene found?

Answer 5

chromosome 6

Question 6

What HLA gene is associated with CTL cells?

Answer 6

HLA-A and HLA-B

Question 7

What HLA gene is associated with antigen presenting cells?

Answer 7

HLA-DR

Question 8

What is an alloantigen?

Answer 8

an antigen present only in some individuals of a species (such as a blood group). If an alloantigen is
presented to a member of the same species that does not have the alloantigen, it will be recognized as foreign.

Question 9

What alleles sequence is highly associate d with arthritic disease ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 9

HLA -B 27

Question 10

What is meant by a syngeneic/isografts skin graft?

Answer 10

a graft between genetically identical individuals

Question 11

What is meant by a xenogeniec/xenografts skin graft?

Answer 11

grafts between members of different species

Question 12

what is a hyperacute rejection?

Answer 12

when a graft is given to a patient who has preexisting antibodies to it or HLA because of a prior graft or transfusion –> activates complement

Question 13

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 13

bone marrow and thymus

Question 14

What is the significance of the high endothelial venule in lymph nodes?

Answer 14

Where diapedesis takes place of lymphocytes

from the blood into the lymphatic space of the node

Question 15

What small arteries enter the thymus through the outer capsule?

Answer 15

internal thoracic artery and inferior thyroid arter

Question 16

where are Hassall’s corpuscles found?

Answer 16

in the thymus

Question 17

Does the spleen have afferent lymph?

Answer 17

No just efferent

Question 18

What is periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)?

Answer 18

Bulk of the lymphoid tissue forms a sheath around central arterioles in the spleen!

Question 19

where is the germinal center found in the spleen?

Answer 19

in the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)

Question 20

Where can you find reticular fibers in the spleen?

Answer 20

in the red pulp

Question 21

What is the function of hassal’s corpuscles?

Answer 21

produce thymic stromal lymphoprotein that are important ultimately in suppressing autoimmune events.

Question 22

Identify those organisms against which cell-mediated immunity is most effective

Answer 22

1. viral infections
2. fungal infections
3. yeast infection
4. intracellular bacterial infections

Question 23

Identify those organisms against which humoral immunity is most effective

Answer 23

1. extracellular bacterial and pathogenic infections

**not in the blood

Question 24

What is an antitoxin?

Answer 24

antibody able to neutralize a specific toxin

Question 25

What is the risk with using an antitoxin?

Answer 25

activation of complement

Question 26

What is an example of a human antitoxin used?

Answer 26

tetanus IgG against tetanus

Question 27

what is an antitoxoid?

Answer 27

an inactivated toxin that allows you to mount a response to future infection B cells can make memory cells for the next time you are infected

Question 28

What is a Killed virus vaccine?

Answer 28

"inactivated vaccine": destroys the pathogen’s ability to replicate, but keeps it “intact” so that the immune system can still recognize it

Question 29

what is an example of a killed virus vaccine?

Answer 29

salk polio vaccine

Question 30

what is a live virus vaccine?

Answer 30

Live, attenuated vaccines contain a version of the living microbe that has been weakened in the lab so it can’t cause disease.

Question 31

what is an example of live virus vaccine?

Answer 31

Oral polio (Sabin) vaccine.

Question 32

which type of vaccine provides the longest period of immunity?

Answer 32

live virus vaccine

Question 33

What is the most severe congenital neutrophilia?

Answer 33

Kostmann syndrome

Question 34

What is Kostmann syndrome?

Answer 34

severe peripheral neutrophilia, with decrease myeloid production high risk for infection and death

Question 35

How is Kostmann syndramm passed down?

Answer 35

can either be dominant, recessive or sporadic

Question 36

what is Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome?

Answer 36

Neutropenia, pancreatic insufficiency with fat malabsorption, bony abnormalities, and growth delay

Question 37

what is cyclic neutropenia?

Answer 37

Lasts 5-7 days with 15-25 day cycles - Can have recurrent fevers and mouth ulcers - Outside of the 5-7 active days, the ANC is normal and no greater risk for infection - Linked to apoptosis in marrow precursors and gene for elastase (ELA)

Question 38

what type of treatment is given to increase the ANC in neutropenia?

Answer 38

G-CSF given at a dose of 3-5 μg/k a day or every other day

Question 39

what are the encapsulated organs we went through in histology?

Answer 39

Thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen

Question 40

which mitogen stimulates T and B cells?

Answer 40

pokeweed mitogen and concanavalin A

Question 41

somatic hypermutation causes even greater receptor diversity in what cell line?

Answer 41

B cells only

Question 42

What disease should you be thinking of when a person has Hb Barts (gamma4)?

Answer 42

alpha thalassemia