unit II

Question 1

Who is Sigmund Freud and what is he known for?

Answer 1

Sigmund Freud is known for his theories on the unconscious mind, instincts, and defense mechanisms.

Question 2

What are instincts according to Freud?

Answer 2

Instincts are the basic elements of personality, driving behavior and determining its direction.

Question 3

What are the three components of Freud’s structural model of personality?

Answer 3

The Id (pleasure-driven), Ego (reality-driven), and Superego (morality-driven).

Question 4

What is Freud’s concept of defense mechanisms?

Answer 4

Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies used by the ego to cope with anxiety and protect itself from being overwhelmed by the id or superego. Examples include repression, denial, and projection.

Question 4

What are the anima and animus archetypes according to Jung?

Answer 4

The anima represents the feminine aspect in men, and the animus represents the masculine aspect in women, aiding understanding of the opposite sex.

Question 5

What is Carl Jung’s concept of the persona archetype?

Answer 5

The persona is a mask worn to adapt to various roles in life, helping individuals function in society, but over-identification with it can lead to self-deception.

Question 6

What is the self archetype in Jung’s theory?

Answer 6

The self represents unity and harmony of the total personality, integrating both conscious and unconscious processes, and is the goal of personality development.

Question 6

What is Freud’s homeostatic approach to instincts?

Answer 6

Instincts are transformed into mental states or wishes that drive behavior.

Question 6

What is the shadow archetype according to Jung?

Answer 6

The shadow contains basic animal instincts and is the source of both destructive behaviors and creativity and vitality. The ego must balance its impulses.

Question 7

What is the goal of personality according to Jung’s self archetype?

Answer 7

To achieve balance between conscious and unconscious processes and integrate all aspects of the personality, typically emerging in middle age.

Question 8

What assessment techniques did Jung use to explore the psyche?

Answer 8

Jung used word association tests, symptom analysis, and dream analysis.

Question 9

What personality test was developed to assess Jung’s psychological types?

Answer 9

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).

Question 10

What personal experiences influenced Alfred Adler’s theory?

Answer 10

Adler’s childhood illnesses, jealousy of his older brother, and peer relationships shaped his ideas on inferiority and social dynamics.

Question 11

What is an inferiority complex?

Answer 11

An inferiority complex occurs when a person is unable to overcome feelings of inferiority, leading to poor self-image and helplessness.

Question 11

According to Adler, what is the motivating force behind human striving?

Answer 11

Inferiority feelings are the fundamental source of human striving and growth.

Question 12

Name three sources of an inferiority complex.

Answer 12

Organic inferiority, spoiling (over-pampering), and neglect.

Question 13

What is a superiority complex, and what are its characteristics?

Answer 13

A superiority complex is an exaggerated opinion of one’s abilities, characterized by boasting, vanity, self-centeredness, and belittling others.

Question 14

What did Adler mean by “striving for superiority”?

Answer 14

It is the fundamental drive in life for personal perfection and self-improvement, not dominance over others.

Question 15

What is “fictional finalism” in Adler’s theory?

Answer 15

It refers to subjective goals or ideals that individuals strive toward, such as the belief in rewards after death.

Question 16

What are the four basic styles of life in Adler’s theory?

Answer 16

Dominant type, getting type, avoiding type, and socially useful type.

Question 17

What is the “style of life” according to Adler?

Answer 17

It refers to a person’s unique behavior patterns, habits, and characteristics formed by experiences and perceptions, aimed at achieving superiority.

Question 18

Describe the “dominant type” style of life.

Answer 18

It is characterized by ruling behavior with little social awareness, and may include aggressive or self-destructive actions.

Question 19

Describe the “getting type” style of life.

Answer 19

This type depends on others for satisfaction, receiving more than they give.

Question 20

What is the “avoiding type” in Adler’s styles of life?

Answer 20

It is characterized by avoiding life’s problems to prevent failure.

Question 21

What is the “socially useful type” in Adler’s styles of life?

Answer 21

This type cooperates with others and has a strong social interest, handling life’s challenges effectively.

Question 22

What is social interest according to Adler?

Answer 22

It is the innate capacity to cooperate with others for societal and personal goals, which is shaped by early social interactions.

Question 23

How does birth order affect personality in Adler’s theory?

Answer 23

Birth order shapes different personality traits, with first-borns becoming responsible, second-borns driven by competition, youngest children striving to surpass older siblings, and only children struggling with environments where they are not the center of attention.

Question 24

What can result from a lack of social interest?

Answer 24

It can lead to neurosis or antisocial behavior.

Question 25

How does being the first-born affect personality according to Adler?

Answer 25

First-borns may feel “dethroned” when a sibling is born, often becoming responsible but possibly developing insecurities or resentment.

Question 26

What motivates the second-born child according to Adler?

Answer 26

The second-born is motivated by competition with the first-born, often leading to strong development without feeling dethroned.

Question 27

How did Adler and Freud differ in their views on the motivation of behavior?

Answer 27

Freud believed behavior is driven by unconscious sexual and aggressive urges, while Adler emphasized social factors and the desire for superiority.

Question 28

What was Adler’s view on conscious choice in personality development?

Answer 28

Adler argued that individuals have conscious control over their lives and actively strive for goals, unlike Freud, who believed unconscious forces play a dominant role.

Question 29

How did Adler’s view on behavior influence differ from Freud’s?

Answer 29

Freud emphasized early childhood experiences and unconscious conflicts, while Adler focused on the social environment, especially family dynamics and sibling relationships.

Question 30

How did Adler and Freud differ in their emphasis on conscious awareness?

Answer 30

Freud minimized the role of conscious awareness in shaping behavior, while Adler placed greater importance on conscious processes, believing people can be aware of their motives.

Question 31

What are the differences between Freud’s and Adler’s views on personality structure?

Answer 31

Freud proposed a tripartite structure (id, ego, superego), while Adler believed in a unified, goal-directed personality, with individuals striving for significance and connectedness.

Question 32

How did Adler and Freud differ in their view of primary relationships?

Answer 32

Freud focused on the parent-child relationship, especially the father, while Adler emphasized sibling relationships and social environments.

Question 33

According to Karen Horney, what shapes personality more: biological forces or social forces?

Answer 33

Horney believed social forces, especially parental behavior, shape personality more than biological forces.

Question 34

What is “basic anxiety” according to Horney?

Answer 34

Basic anxiety is a pervasive sense of helplessness and isolation in a hostile world, often leading to neuroses later in life.

Question 35

What are the three neurotic trends Horney identified?

Answer 35

Moving toward people (compliant personality), moving against people (aggressive personality), and moving away from people (detached personality).

Question 35

How did Erikson expand on Freud’s theory?

Answer 35

Erikson incorporated social and cultural influences, outlining eight psychosocial stages, each representing a conflict to be resolved from infancy to old age.

Question 36

What is ego identity according to Erikson?

Answer 36

Ego identity is the sense of self that develops during adolescence, balancing conformity and individuality.

Question 37

What is the difference between psychological assessment and psychological testing?

Answer 37

Psychological assessment is a broader, comprehensive process integrating various methods, while psychological testing focuses on standardized measurement of specific behaviors or traits.

Question 38

What are the key elements of standardization in psychological testing?

Answer 38

Standardization requires uniform test administration, consistent materials, instructions, and examiner protocols across different settings.

Question 39

What is the focus of psychological experiments compared to psychological testing?

Answer 39

Experiments aim to establish cause-and-effect relationships, while psychological testing focuses on measuring individual traits or abilities.

Question 40

What are some common types of psychological tests?

Answer 40

Intelligence tests, aptitude tests, achievement tests, and personality tests.

Question 41

What are self-report/objective inventories in personality assessment?

Answer 41

These are assessments where individuals report on their behavior, feelings, and symptoms in specific situations.

Question 42

What are projective techniques in personality assessment?

Answer 42

Projective techniques use ambiguous stimuli, like inkblots, to uncover unconscious thoughts. Examples include word association, sentence completion, and drawing tests.

Question 43

What are the drawbacks of clinical interviews?

Answer 43

Interpretation can be subjective and influenced by the interviewer’s biases.

Question 44

What is behavioral assessment?

Answer 44

It involves observing a person’s behavior in specific situations, often using rating scales. The drawback is that observations may be less systematic than formal tests.

Question 45

What is thought and experience sampling?

Answer 45

It involves individuals recording their thoughts or experiences over time for analysis, though results may be highly individualized and not generalizable.