Unit I Study Guide

Question 1

antibody

Answer 1

also referred to as agglutinins; protein that identifies antigens/pathogens

Question 2

antigens

Answer 2

also referred to as agglutinogens; marker that provokes an immune response

Question 3

buffy coat

Answer 3

a slightly gray-white layer that is composed of both leukocytes (WBCs) and platelets; forms less than 1% of blood

Question 4

erythrocytes

Answer 4

flexible, biconcave discs, anucleate, no organelles, filled with hemoglobin for gas transport, and contributes to blood viscosity; also known as RBCs; main function to transport respiratory gasses

Question 5

formed elements

Answer 5

one of the two components of blood that consists of the buffy coat and erythrocytes

Question 6

hematocrit

Answer 6

percentage of erythrocytes (RBCs) compared to total blood; about 44%

Question 7

hematopoiesis

Answer 7

formation and development of blood cells; formed elements develop in the red bone marrow bone marrow from stem cells called hemocytoblasts

Question 8

hemocytoblasts

Answer 8

the parent cell for all formed elements of blood; immature cells in red blood marrow that produce all types of formed elements in blood

Question 9

hemoglobin

Answer 9

a red-pigmented protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide responsible for characteristic red color of blood

Question 10

hemostasis

Answer 10

process of stopping bleeding; steps include vascular spasm, platelet plug formation and coagulation

Question 11

leukocytes

Answer 11

also referred to as white blood cells; two categories: agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes) and granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

Question 12

plasma

Answer 12

fluid matrix (ECM); composes 55% of blood

Question 13

platelets

Answer 13

a formed element (cell fragment; not a true cell) that plays a huge role in forming blood clots; part of the buffy coat

Question 14

universal donor

Answer 14

type O; their donated donated red blood cells have no A, B, or Rh antigens and can therefore be safely given to people of any blood group

Question 15

universal recipient

Answer 15

type AB; AB positive patients can receive red blood cells from all blood types, since they have no antibodies that will attack

Question 16

components of blood

Answer 16

• Plasma (55%) (mostly water, proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, etc.), electrolytes, dissolved gasses (O2, CO2))
• Formed elements:
  • Buffy coat (<1%) (platelets and leukocytes)
  • Erythrocytes (45%)

Question 17

functions of blood

Answer 17

transportation, regulation, protection

Question 18

hematopoiesis

Answer 18

refers to new blood formationstakes place red bone marrow; refers to the formation of blood from the hemocytoblast/hematopoietic stem cells

Question 19

characteristics functions of erythrocytes

Answer 19

characteristics:
- Flexible, biconcave discs, anueculate, no organelles
- Filled with hemoglobin for gas transport (especially oxygen)
- Contributes to blood viscosity

Function:
- RBCs dedicated to respiratory gas transport
- Hemoglobin binds reversibly to with oxygen; RBCs are responsible for transporting 98% of oxygen in our bodies

Question 20

erythropoiesis

Answer 20

1) STIMULUS - Stimulus: decreased blood oxygen levels
2) RECEPTOR - kidney detects decrease blood O2
3) CONTROL CENTER - kidney cells release EPO into the blood
4) EFFECTOR - EPO (erythropoietin) stimulates red bone marrow to increase the rate of production of erythrocytes
5) NET EFFECT - increased numbers of erythrocytes enter the circulation, during which time the erythrocytes are oxygenated and blood O2 levels increase
6) Increased blood O2 levels are detected by the kidney, which inhibits EPO release by negative feedback

Question 21

characteristics and functions of leukocytes

Answer 21

Agranulocytes (don’t have many proteins (granules) in the cytoplasm)
- Lymphocytes: coordinate our immune cell activity, produce antibodies, and attack pathogens
- Monocytes: in response to an infection, they’ll exit blood vessel and become a macrophage, patrol the body, and phagocytize pathogens or infected cells

Granulocytes (many proteins (granules) in the cytoplasm)
- Neutrophils: phagocytize pathogens and bacteria
- Eosinophils: destroy antigen-antibody complexes and attack parasitic worms
- Basophils: release histamine and heparin (anticoagulant)

Question 22

characteristics and functions of platelets

Answer 22

Origin: platelets are cellular fragments derived from megakaryocytes and function in homeostasis

Function: plays a huge role in forming blood clots

Question 23

steps of hemostasis

Answer 23

1) Vascular spasm: blood vessel constricts to limit blood loss
2) Platelet plug formation: platelets arrive at site of injury and adhere to exposed collagen fibers
3) Coagulation phase: coagulation cascade converts inactive proteins to active forms, which ultimately form fibrin stands of a blood clot

Question 24

ABO blood typing

Answer 24

Description:
- blood group A – has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma
- blood group B – has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma
- blood group O – has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
blood group AB – has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies

Determination:
- The test to determine your blood group is called ABO typing. Your blood sample is mixed with antibodies against type A and B blood. Then, the sample is checked to see whether or not the blood cells stick together. If blood cells stick together, it means the blood reacted with one of the antibodies.

Question 25

donor and recipient mismatch

Answer 25

Your blood type must closely match the blood type of the blood you are receiving. If the blood types do not match: Your immune system will see the donated red blood cells as foreign. Antibodies will develop against the donated red blood cells and attack these blood cells.

Question 26

transfusion mismatch

Answer 26

Rh incompatibility between mother and baby during pregnancy can be problematic and create serious risks. If the mother’s Rh negative blood mixes with the baby’s Rh positive blood, the mother’s immune system will start producing antibodies that can be very harmful to her baby. In a baby, it can cause hemolytic anemia. Hemolytic anemia causes a baby’s red blood cells to be destroyed faster than they can be replaced. The effects of hemolytic anemia can range from mild to severe.