Unit I Study Guide Flashcards
antibody
also referred to as agglutinins; protein that identifies antigens/pathogens
antigens
also referred to as agglutinogens; marker that provokes an immune response
buffy coat
a slightly gray-white layer that is composed of both leukocytes (WBCs) and platelets; forms less than 1% of blood
erythrocytes
flexible, biconcave discs, anucleate, no organelles, filled with hemoglobin for gas transport, and contributes to blood viscosity; also known as RBCs; main function to transport respiratory gasses
formed elements
one of the two components of blood that consists of the buffy coat and erythrocytes
hematocrit
percentage of erythrocytes (RBCs) compared to total blood; about 44%
hematopoiesis
formation and development of blood cells; formed elements develop in the red bone marrow bone marrow from stem cells called hemocytoblasts
hemocytoblasts
the parent cell for all formed elements of blood; immature cells in red blood marrow that produce all types of formed elements in blood
hemoglobin
a red-pigmented protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide responsible for characteristic red color of blood
hemostasis
process of stopping bleeding; steps include vascular spasm, platelet plug formation and coagulation
leukocytes
also referred to as white blood cells; two categories: agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes) and granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
plasma
fluid matrix (ECM); composes 55% of blood
platelets
a formed element (cell fragment; not a true cell) that plays a huge role in forming blood clots; part of the buffy coat
universal donor
type O; their donated donated red blood cells have no A, B, or Rh antigens and can therefore be safely given to people of any blood group
universal recipient
type AB; AB positive patients can receive red blood cells from all blood types, since they have no antibodies that will attack
components of blood
- Plasma (55%) (mostly water, proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, etc.), electrolytes, dissolved gasses (O2, CO2))
- Formed elements:
- Buffy coat (<1%) (platelets and leukocytes)
- Erythrocytes (45%)
functions of blood
transportation, regulation, protection
hematopoiesis
refers to new blood formationstakes place red bone marrow; refers to the formation of blood from the hemocytoblast/hematopoietic stem cells
characteristics functions of erythrocytes
characteristics:
- Flexible, biconcave discs, anueculate, no organelles
- Filled with hemoglobin for gas transport (especially oxygen)
- Contributes to blood viscosity
Function:
- RBCs dedicated to respiratory gas transport
- Hemoglobin binds reversibly to with oxygen; RBCs are responsible for transporting 98% of oxygen in our bodies
erythropoiesis
1) STIMULUS - Stimulus: decreased blood oxygen levels
2) RECEPTOR - kidney detects decrease blood O2
3) CONTROL CENTER - kidney cells release EPO into the blood
4) EFFECTOR - EPO (erythropoietin) stimulates red bone marrow to increase the rate of production of erythrocytes
5) NET EFFECT - increased numbers of erythrocytes enter the circulation, during which time the erythrocytes are oxygenated and blood O2 levels increase
6) Increased blood O2 levels are detected by the kidney, which inhibits EPO release by negative feedback
characteristics and functions of leukocytes
Agranulocytes (don’t have many proteins (granules) in the cytoplasm)
- Lymphocytes: coordinate our immune cell activity, produce antibodies, and attack pathogens
- Monocytes: in response to an infection, they’ll exit blood vessel and become a macrophage, patrol the body, and phagocytize pathogens or infected cells
Granulocytes (many proteins (granules) in the cytoplasm)
- Neutrophils: phagocytize pathogens and bacteria
- Eosinophils: destroy antigen-antibody complexes and attack parasitic worms
- Basophils: release histamine and heparin (anticoagulant)
characteristics and functions of platelets
Origin: platelets are cellular fragments derived from megakaryocytes and function in homeostasis
Function: plays a huge role in forming blood clots
steps of hemostasis
1) Vascular spasm: blood vessel constricts to limit blood loss
2) Platelet plug formation: platelets arrive at site of injury and adhere to exposed collagen fibers
3) Coagulation phase: coagulation cascade converts inactive proteins to active forms, which ultimately form fibrin stands of a blood clot
ABO blood typing
Description:
- blood group A – has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma
- blood group B – has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma
- blood group O – has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
blood group AB – has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies
Determination:
- The test to determine your blood group is called ABO typing. Your blood sample is mixed with antibodies against type A and B blood. Then, the sample is checked to see whether or not the blood cells stick together. If blood cells stick together, it means the blood reacted with one of the antibodies.
donor and recipient mismatch
Your blood type must closely match the blood type of the blood you are receiving. If the blood types do not match: Your immune system will see the donated red blood cells as foreign. Antibodies will develop against the donated red blood cells and attack these blood cells.
transfusion mismatch
Rh incompatibility between mother and baby during pregnancy can be problematic and create serious risks. If the mother’s Rh negative blood mixes with the baby’s Rh positive blood, the mother’s immune system will start producing antibodies that can be very harmful to her baby. In a baby, it can cause hemolytic anemia. Hemolytic anemia causes a baby’s red blood cells to be destroyed faster than they can be replaced. The effects of hemolytic anemia can range from mild to severe.
