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Developmental Biology > Unit I & II > Flashcards

Unit I & II Flashcards

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1
Q

Fertilized egg

A

Zygote

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2
Q

Study of animal development from the stage of an organism that exist between fertilization and birth.

A

Embryology

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3
Q

What are the three major approaches to studying embryology

A

Anatomical approaches
Experimental approaches
Genetic approaches

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4
Q

A relatively slow process of progressive change

A

Development

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5
Q

A discipline that studies embryonic and other developmental processes

A

Developmental biology

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6
Q

The science that seeks to explain how the structure of organisms change with time

A

Developmental biology

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7
Q

What are the objectives of developmental biology?

A

• it generates cellular diversity and order within each generation

• it ensures the continuity of life from one generation to the next

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8
Q

What are the seven general questions by developmental biologist?

A

• Question of differentiation
• Question of morphogenesis
• question of growth
• question of reproduction
• question of evolution
• question of environmental integration
• Question of regeneration

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9
Q

It is the generation of cellular diversity

A

Differentiation

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10
Q

Mechanism where by different sorts of cells arise

A

Cell differentiation

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11
Q

Each cell owes its special character to

A

Particular proteins coded by particular genes

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12
Q

It is the creation of ordered form

A

Morphogenesis

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13
Q

It is the cell and tissue movements that gives a developing organ or organism its shape in three dimensions

A

Morphogenesis

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14
Q

It refers to increase in size and the control of proportion between body parts

A

Growth

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15
Q

It is currently the least well understood aspect in terms of molecular mechanism

A

Growth

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16
Q

The stages of development between fertilization and hatching

A

Embryogenesis

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17
Q

What are the six fundamental processes in the pattern of embryogenesis

A
  1. Fertilization
  2. Cleavage
  3. Gastrulation
  4. Organogenesis
  5. Metamorphosis
  6. Gametogenesis
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18
Q

It is the fusion of the mature sex cells, the sperm and egg.

A

Fertilization

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19
Q

It is a series of extremely rapid mitotic divisions that immediately follow fertilization

A

Cleavage

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20
Q

It is the hollow ball of cells during cleavage

A

Zygote cytoplasm

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21
Q

During cleavage the enormous volume of zygote cytoplasm is divided into numerous smaller cells called

A

Blastomeres

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22
Q

By the end of cleavage the blasting is have usually formed a sphere called

A

Blastula

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23
Q

It is the space between the blastomere

A

Blastocoel

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24
Q

They are the opening in the blastula

A

Blastopore

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25
Q

It is a series of extensive self rearrangements

A

Gastrulation

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26
Q

The embryo contains three germ layers that will interact to generate the organs of the body. What are those layers?

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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27
Q

Embryo transforms from a one dimensional layer of epithelial cells and reorganizes into a multilayers and multidimensional structure called

A

Gastrula

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28
Q

The cells interact with one another and rearrange some cells to produce tissues and organs

A

Organogenesis

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29
Q

It is the process of formation of organs from three germ layers

A

Organogenesis

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30
Q

Change of form or structure in an individual after hatching or birth

A

Metamorphosis

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31
Q

It is the development of gametes; usually not completed until the organism has become physically mature

A

Gametogenesis

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32
Q

Cells which give rise to the individual body

A

Somatic cells

33
Q

Cells which contribute to the formation of a new generation

A

Germ cells

34
Q

What type of Fertilization happens in most species of frog

A

External fertilization

35
Q

Amphibian metamorphosis is initiated by hormones from the

A

Tadpoles thyroid gland

36
Q

The speed of metamorphosis depends on

A

Environmental pressure

37
Q

What are the major model organism used an example of how all animals develop

A

Mouse
Chick
Frog (Xenopus)
Zebra fish
Fruit fly (Drosophila)
Nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans)

38
Q

Characteristics of the big six model organisms

A

• Availability and cost

• Access and micromanipulation

• They have special properties that allow their mechanisms of development to be easily observed

• Can be easily manipulated physically or genetically

• Have relatively fast development period

• Genomes have been mapped

39
Q

It is the visible specialization of the cytoplasm

A

Germplasm

40
Q

It is present in the egg that program cells that inherit to become germ cells

A

Cytoplasmic determinant

41
Q

Is the production of mature sperm cells

A

Spermatogenesis

42
Q

It undergoes rapid mitosis to produce more stem cells before puberty

A

Spermatogonia

43
Q

Hormone that modifies spermatogonia division

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

44
Q

How many spermatids does one primary spermatocyte produces

A

Four

45
Q

How many days does spermatogenesis takes place

A

64 - 72 days

46
Q

It is the process of development of mature ova

A

Oogenesis

47
Q

What is the difference between the female and male gametes regarding their cell size and structure

A

Sperm are tiny, motile, and equipped with nutrients in seminal fluid

Egg is large, non-motile, and has nutrient reserves to nourish the embryo until implantation

48
Q

What are the parts of mature sperm

A

Head
Tail
Neck or midpiece

49
Q

A part of mature sperm where haploid nucleus little cytoplasm and acrosome are located

A

Head

50
Q

A part of the mature sperm where mitochondria and centriole are located

A

Neck or midpiece

51
Q

It is also called as propulsion system

A

Tail

52
Q

What are the structures of a flagella

A

It must allows from to travel long distance using plenty of energy

Axoneme

Microtubules in a 9 + 2 configuration

53
Q

It is the motor portion of the flagella

A

Axoneme

54
Q

It is the acquired ability of the sperm to bind the egg

A

Capacitation

55
Q

It stores all materials for beginning of growth and development

A

Ovum

56
Q

What are the parts of the egg

A

Cytoplasm
Haploid nucleus
Cell membrane
Extracellular envelope
Cortex
Cortical granules
Egg jelly
Zona pellucida
Cumulus

57
Q

It contains glycoproteins essential for species specificity and sperm binding

A

Vitelline envelope

58
Q

It is located beneath the cell membrane

A

Cortex

59
Q

It attracts or activates sperm in some species

A

Egg jelly

60
Q

It is an extra coating made of extracellular matrix in mammals

A

Zona pellucida

61
Q

It is a layer of cells that nurture the egg innermost layer in mammals

A

Corona radiata

62
Q

The fusion of two gametes to create a new individual with the genome different from both parents

A

Fertilization

63
Q

What are the two major goals of fertilization

A

• Joining of genetic material to create new variations (sex)

• creation of a new organism (reproduction)

64
Q

What are the four major events of fertilization

A
  1. Sperm and egg make contact and must recognize each other as the same species
  2. One (and only one) sperm enter the egg
  3. Fusion of the genetic material
  4. Activation of egg to begin development
65
Q

What are the steps of recognition of sperm and egg

A
  1. Chemoattraction
  2. Exocytosis
  3. Binding
  4. Passage
  5. Fusion
66
Q

What is the peptide that an diffuse in sea water and attracts sperm to egg and acts as a sperm-activating peptide

A

14 amino-acid peptide

67
Q

What are the two components of Acrosome reaction?

A
  1. The fusion of acrosomal vesicle with the sperm cell membrane
  2. The extension of the acrosomal process
68
Q

In S. purpuratus the acrosomal process contains a protein called

A

Bindin

69
Q

It can cause the sperm and egg to fuse in Sea Urchins

A

Bindin

70
Q

It restores the diploid chromosome number and sperm centriole became the mitotic spindle

A

Monospermy

71
Q

It results in triploid nucleus and multiple mitotic spindles are formed

A

Polyspermy

72
Q

What are the processes that could prevent polyspermy?

A

Fast block to polyspermy
Slow Block to polyspermy

73
Q

How does the fast block to polyspermy is activated

A
74
Q

What is the resting membrane potential that is the difference in charge across the egg membrane

A

-70mV

75
Q

It is a slower, mechanical and permanent block to polyspermy

A

Slow Block to Polyspermy

76
Q

How does the slow block to polyspermy is activated

A
77
Q

It acts as initiator of the cortical granule reaction

A

Calcium

78
Q

It is the calcium ionophore that transports calcium ions across lipid membranes

A

A23187

Developmental Biology (1 decks)

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