Unit I and II: BASIC CONCEPTS AND DETERMINANTS OF MORALITY Flashcards
A branch of Philosophy that deals with he question and standards of what is right and what is wrong
Ethics or Moral Philosophy
Ethics came from a Latin word “_____” which means?
ethos - character or Moral nature
True or false
When you say character or Moral nature, the character or Moral nature of a person is not affected by his or her personal principles and experiences by the belief and value system of his or her surroundings
False - greatly affected
It refers to the rules that affect the choice of a person but are not linked to moral or ethical considerations, similar with ethics people use value judgement in dealing with these aspects
Non-moral standards
Give some examples of non-moral standards
Aesthetics
Rules in games
Laws
Personal experiences and principles
Etiquette
Recipe or Formula
Religion
Traditions or norms
It refers to the rules or set of guidelines that affect the choices of a person and his or her belief system and decision-making process in problems and situation that beg the question of what morally right or wrong
Moral Standards
What are the 5 characteristics of Moral Standards
-Concern with the welfare of beings
-Reliance on reasoning and not on authority
- Overriding of or Hegemonic
- Impartial, Fair and Just
- Special emotions and vocabulary
In Moral Standards It deals with matters that can seriously injure or benefit the welfare of beings
Concern with the welfare of beings
This characteristics rely on reasoning not on authoritive individuals to support or justify their cause
Reliance on reasoning not on authority
It takes precedence over other standards and considerations
Overriding or Hegemonic
It means that there is no exemption to the moral standards
Impartial, Fair and Just
Moral standards that are associated with special emotions and vocabulary
Special emotions and vocabulary
Give examples of Special Emotions
Guilt
Shame
Remorse
Give examples of vocabulary
Right
Good
Wrong
Evil
Moral
Amoral
Immoral
It is a situation that makes an agent to choose between two alternatives with equal weight wherein both alternatives are either good or both are evil, but the agent cannot to both or all actions
Moral Dilemma
True or False
In moral dilemma no matter what the agent chooses will be left with a moral failure but not chooing anything impose greater harm or loss for the agent
True
What are the basic concepts of moral dilemma
Personal advocates
Society
Culture religion
Family and friends
Education and experiences
What are the three levels of moral dilemma
Individual dilemma
Organizational dilemma
Structural dilemma
In this dilemma it starts with the personal and individual interaction of people and situations in their daily lives
Individual dilemma
This dilemma is encountered by institutions, business, organizations in the decision-making process at this level the dilemmas that organizations experiences usually affect more than one person
Organizational dilemma
This dilemma affects a network of institutions the operative theoretical paradigms like universal care, juvenile laws and immigration
Structural dilemma
True or False
Organizational dilemmas can affect a community in even the society at large
False - structural dilemma
What are the four parts of ethics
Descriptive ethics
Normative ethics
Meta ethics
Applied ethics
It is the thing that individuals really accept to be correct or wrong
Descriptive ethics
It is the thing that individual should do, a prescriptive morals that and it talks about how individuals can settle on what is a ethically right
Normative ethics
What are the three segments of normative morals
Virtue ethics
Deontology
Consequentialism
It centers around one’s character and kindness
Virtue ethics
It is obligation morals or all out objective and good absolutism
Deontology
It centers around outcome of an activity
Consequentialism
It doubts the significance of goodness morals and profound quality including how individuals and realize what is valid or bogus
Meta ethics
It is the utilization of moral hypothesis in various open and private issues like medication business and so on
Applied ethics
They proposed the four principles in terms of normative ethics
Thomas Beauchamp and James Childress
What are the four principles in terms of normative ethics
Respecto autonomy
Beneficence
Non maleficence
Justice
It means the acknowledgment that every person has the right to make choices to hold views and to act based on one’s values and respect autonomy respect to beliefs as long as the person is conscious and has a proper understanding of the matter on hand
Respect to autonomy
It is the promotion of doing as much goodness as possible refers to the act of kindness, compassion and generosity
Beneficence
It is the avoidance of any and justifiable and unnecessary harm
Non-maleficence
It means the distribution of resources equally and fairly
Justice
It is the shared and learned patterns of behaviors interactions symbolisms and values of a group of people that manifests in your religion food clothing language marriage social habits music and arts and customs
Culture
True or False
Culture do not reflect the identity of a particular group of people
False - it does
True Or false
The differences in cultural patterns create a wildly diverse belief and value systems across the world
True
It is a disposition that sees a general public’s way of life inside the setting of the general public issues and openings
Cultural relativism
Advantage or danger
Cultural relativism teaches everyone to be more open minded and respectful of other cultures
Advantage
Advantage or danger
Cultural relativism calls out discrimination against waste nationality and culture and opens more opportunities for everyone
Advantage
Advantage or danger.
Arises when we are called to a position to judge practice that is repressive and sometimes even harmful toward a group of people
Danger
Who said that these points out that it is a mistake to overestimated the amount of differences between cultures not every moral rule can vary from society to society
James Rachel
True Or false
Adopting the attitude of cultural relativism teaches a person how to be tolerant and respectful of different cultures
True
What are the strengths of Filipino moral character
Pakikipagkapwa-tao
Family orientation
Joy and humor
Flexibility
Adaptability and creativity
Hard work and industry
Faith and religiosity
Ability to survive
What are the weaknesses of the filipino moral character
Extreme personalism
Extreme family centeredness
Lack discipline
Passivity and lack of initiative
Colonial mentality
Kanya-kanya syndrome
These are values that have the same word or level importance across cultures an ethical principles
Universal values
It is a conduct that every rational person wants to follow
Universal values
What are the common universal values p
Integrity
Peace
Freedom
Human dignity
Social progress
Equal rights
Responsibility
Compassion.
Loyalty
Innovativeness
Intuitiveness
Who wrote that virtue is both intellectual and moral for it requires time and experience to be developed and can only come as a result of habit
Aristotle
Who said that to call for a list of universal values is becoming more urgent because of the future of human survival may depend on it
Richard Kinnier
Jerry Kernes
Therese Dautheribes
Who said “ringer contended that without some all-inclusive principles you are left with no way to denounce savagery physical torment mutilation spouse beating kids misuse subjection, murder or annihilation, on the off chance that they are a piece of ongoing practice and social customs of a gathering”
Kinnier et al (2000)
Your individual acts became habits which molds your _________
Moral Character
True Or false
Your moral character cannot be manifested in your decisions, attitudes and acts
False
According to him there are six stages of moral development that hopes to understand how moral reasoning changes as a person grows old and matures
Lawrence Kohlberg
What are the three levels of moral development
Level 1: Pre-conventional morality
Level 2: Conventional morality
Level 3: Post-conventional morality
What are the six stages of moral development by Lawrence Kohlberg
Stage 1 Obedience and punishment orientation
Stage 2 Individualism and exchange
Stage 3 Good interpersonal relationship
Stage 4 Maintaining the social order
Stage 5 Social contract and individual rights
Stage 6 The universal principles
At the age of 9 and below, The primary focus of an individual is the soft people don’t have personal code of morality yet. What level of moral development is this?
Level 1 preconventional morality
This level of moral development people start to internalise the moral standards of the group they belong in the reasoning is usually based on the norms of their groups.
Level 2 conventional morality
This level of moral development happens under the adolescence to middle age
Level 2 conventional morality
This level of moral development individual judgment is based on self chosen principles and moral reasoning is based on individual’s rights and justice
Level 3 post conventional morality
Level 3 post conventional morality happens at what age
Under adults
True or false
Everyone reaches the level 3 of moral development
False - not everyone
In this stage right and wrong is determined by punishment and authority
Stage 1 obedience and punishment orientation
At this stage individual start to learn about individuality and satisfaction of one’s desire moral rightness is equivalent to the idea of giving and take
Stage 2 individualism and exchange
At this stage the right and wrong is determined by the approval of others and conformity to norms good behaviour is determined by praise, peer pressure is also prominent in the stage
Stage 3 good interpersonal relationship
At this stage a person becomes more aware of laws and societal norms in wants to be a good citizen
Stage 4 maintaining the social order
You understand that even if norms and laws existing what they might not be always morally right, you learn how to use logic abstract thinking and moral principles to determine what is right and what is wrong
Stage 5 social contract and individual rights
At this stage you develop your own ethical guidelines and willingness to defend it even if it means going against the majority of the people
Stage 6 the universal principles
What are the characters that push people to create a more peaceful and cooperative environment
Respect
Care
Compassion
What are the characters that push people to create disagreement and conflict among people
Greed
Gluttony
Anger
Selfishness
What are the three determinants of morality?
The act itself
Intention
Circumstances
It can be easily identified whether good or bad. It meant what the free will chooses to do in thought, word, and deed or chooses not to do
The act itself
Is a motive behind the actions. Answers what is the thinking behind the action.
Intention
It means all the elements that surround a human action and affects its morality without belonging to its essence
Circumstances
True or false
Human creatures are the most self- conscious animals
True
According to him there are three principles to consider in understanding the emotions as a response to an experience
Charles Darwin
What are the three principles discussed by Charles Darwin
Principle of functional habits
Principle antagonistic-thesis
Principle of involvement of the enthused nervous system
It states that emotional responses are useful expressive habits based on experience
Principle of functional habits
In this principle emotions are released through facial emotion or expression
The principle of functional habits
This entails that the purpose of emotional responses is for communications clarity
Principle of antagonistic thesis
In this principle the emotions are expressed through body movements such as shrugging.
Principle of antagonistic thesis
It says that the nervous system needs to discharge excess energy
Principle of the involvement of the enthused level system
This principle states that our body is composed of different chemicals, these chemicals affect our emotions or feelings
Principle of involvement of the enthused nervous system
True or False
Obsession can make us less cautious with the hazards associated with our decisions
False
Unnecessary optimism
True or false
Unnecessary optimism cause people to experience extreme fear about a situation given creature, place, or an object that even without reason
False
Obsessions or irrational fear
What are the two requirements of morality
Reason
Impartiality
It is the capacity to see the interconnectedness of things and the logic behind the process involved
Reason
It is the principle of detaching oneself from any form of bias and prejudice in order to come up with the objective criterion that is free from unfair and an equal treatment of one type of person to another
Impartiality
