Unit I (1-3)- Cell and General Physiology Flashcards
Sodium ions move out of the cell and potassium ions moves into the cell using the Na+K+ ATPase pump via __________.
A. Simple diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion C. Primary active transport D. Secondary active transport E. Osmosis
C Primary Active Transport
Ref: Guyton and Hall, 13th ed. pg. 55
________ carries the genetic code (codons complementary to that of DNA genes) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for controlling the type of protein formed.
A. Precursor messenger RNA B. Small nuclear RNA C. Messenger RNA D. Transfer RNA E. Ribosomal RNA
C Messenger RNA
Ref: Guyton and Hall, 13th ed. pg. 31
Which of the following directs splicing of pre-mRNA to form mRNA?
A. snRNA
B. mRNA
C. rRNA
D. siRNA
A. snRNA
Guyton pg 31
The nucleolus is composed of:
A. clumps of heterochromatin
B. accumulations of histone proteins
C. aggregates of ribosomal RNA
D. damaged nuclear material
C aggregates of ribosomal RNA
Reference: Guyton and Hall, p. 32
The specificity of the potassium ion channel is attributable to:
A. pore loops containing carbonyl groups
B. diameter of the channel
C. amino acids with a strong negative charge lining the interior of the channel
D. the arrangement of hydroxyl groups within the channel
A pore loops containing carbonyl groups
Reference: Guyton and Hall, pp. 49-50
DNA is made up of nucleotides that have a complex relationship. What aspects of the compounds allows for DNA to maintain its characteristic structure and function?
A. The pliable structure allows a varying number of nucleic acids in each structural turn.
B. There are strong bonds between the two strands, making it sturdy.
C. Specific amino acids pair with one another, including adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine.
D. The subunits of the DNA back bone are all made of deoxyribose, giving it stability.
C Specific amino acids pair with one another, including adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine.
Reference: Guyton 2016 Ch. 3, Nucleotides (used online version of book, no page number)
The term autophagy refers to what cellular process?
A. The process by which newly formed organelles are transported within the cytosol.
B. The process by which the cell membrane lipid bilayer is repaired after a breach in integrity.
C. The process by which cellular organelles are repaired and restored after a chemical insult.
D. The process by which obsolete organelles and large protein aggregates are degraded & recycled by autophagosomes.
D. The process by which obsolete organelles and large protein aggregates are degraded & recycled by autophagosomes.
Pg. 20 Guyton
In the lower respiratory airways, ciliary movement is capable of moving the layer of mucus at a speed of ______ cm/minute.
1
2
4
6
1
Pg. 25
Guyton
The majority of ATP in the body is generated from:
A. Glycolysis
B. Citric acid cycle
C. Pentose phostphate pathway
D. Fatty acid beta-oxidation
B Citric acid cycle
Ref: Guyton and Hall P 23
The basic components of DNA include:
A. Phosphoric acid, a sugar (ribose), 4 nitrogen bases (A,T,G,C) which form nucleotides; these are bound together to form 2 strands of DNA bonded through weak cross-linkages
B. Phosphoric acid, a sugar (deoxyribose), 4 nitrogen bases (A,U,G,C) which form nucleotides; these are bound together to form 2 strands of DNA bonded through weak cross-linkages
C. Phosphoric acid, a sugar (deoxyribose), 4 nitrogen bases (A,T,G,C) which form nucleotides; these are bound together to form 2 strands of DNA bonded through strong cross-linkages
D. Phosphoric acid, a sugar (deoxyribose), 4 nitrogen bases (A,T,G,C) which form nucleotides; these are bound together to form 2 strands of DNA bonded through weak cross-linkages
D Phosphoric acid, a sugar (deoxyribose), 4 nitrogen bases (A,T,G,C) which form nucleotides; these are bound together to form 2 strands of DNA bonded through weak cross-linkages
Ref: Guyton and hall Figure 3.3 P27
Which of the following is found in higher concentrations in the intracellular fluid compared to the extracellular fluid?
A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Chloride
D. Bicarbonate
Answer: B. Potassium
Reference: Guyton 13th ed. Ch. 1 pg. 3-4; Ch. 4 pg. 48
Which type of RNA is a short single stranded fragment of RNA that plays a role in regulating gene transcription and translation?
A. Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
B. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
C. MicroRNA (miRNA)
D. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Answer: C. MiRNA
Reference: Guyton 13 ed. Ch. 3 pg. 31-33
What is the function of transfer RNA?
A. To carry the codons through the ribosome for translation
B. To attach to the gene promoter for initiation of transcription
C. To cause attachment of a specific amino acid to a forming protein chain
D. To regulate gene expression by binding to the complementary region of the RNA
Answer: C To cause attachment of a specific amino acid to a forming protein chain
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th ed., p. 32
Regarding transport of substances through the cell membrane, what characterizes active transport ?
A. It is mediated by a carrier protein.
B. It is selective of specific substances.
C. It relies on a concentration gradient.
D. It requires an additional source of energy.
Answer: d It requires an additional source of energy
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th ed., p. 46
Which of the following is true regarding miRNAs role in RNA processing?
I.They direct the splicing of non-coding interons from pre-mRNA to form mRNA
II. When complexed with RISC, they act to degrade mRNA before it can undergo translation
III.They require activation by DICER to be functional within the cytoplasm
A. I and II
B. I and III
C. II and III
D. I, II, and III
Answer C II and III
II. When complexed with RISC, they act to degrade mRNA before it can undergo translation
III. They require activation by DICER to be functional within the cytoplasm
Guyton Chapter 3 fig. 3-10
