unit five test Flashcards
represented the end of Indian suppression in westward expansion
wounded knee massacre
disaster for army, sealed fate for the indians. death of custer + soldiers = hardened national mood. greatest native american victory of plains wars.
battle of little bighorn
government ordered Indians to attend a large assembly on the reservation. each indian exited their teepee and what an arrow. indian then retreated to the teepee and came out wearing “civilized” clothing, symbolizing the crossing ‘savage’ to ‘civilized’
“last arrow” pageants
illustrated relationship between americans and nation’s economy, rise of business, emergence of a national and global economy, and the changing nature of work fundamentally altered the way americans earned a living. impacts of industrialization led to experiments.
the great railroad strike
emerged in Germany and the U.S. during 1870’s. Economic transformation shared common features, a growing population, the development of new inventions, railroad expansion, etc.
second industrial revolution
Mass marketing of goods, permitted by technological innovations and revolution in transportation. Ex. Macy’s turned shopping into an adventure, not just a convinience.
department stores
retail stores that are more specialized
chain stores
established by Aaron Montgomery 1872 amazon through catalogs
mail order business
controlling all steps to producing you products
vertical integration
own all businesses, control prices, profits buy all smaller
horizontal integration
let things take their own course, no inter-companies. No government control
lazziez - faire
wages so low people couldn’t afford to leave
wage slavery
His “Menlo Park”marked the transition from individual experimenters to systematic research and development and serial inventions. His most famous and important invention was the incandescent light bulb. This was made commercially viable through the alternating current of George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla
thomas edison
an independent inventor famous for an induction coil, which is a transmitter for alternating current.
George Westinghouse: developed the first alternating current system to allow transmission of electricity over longer distances. (1886)
william stanley
a famous Robber Baron that exploited the weaknesses of competitors in the wake of financial panics.
jay gould
modeled industrial concentration and vertical integration in the steel industry.
andrew carnegie
a Croatian immigrant that discovered a way to convert alternating current into power that could drive machines together. Worked with Charles Brush to enable factories to use electrical powers.
nikola tesla
built a virtual monopoly in oil by winning price wars through low wages and railroad rebates.
john d. rockefeller
republican (1861-1865)
abraham lincoln
national union (1865-1869)
andrew johnson
republican (1877-1881)
rutherford b. hayes
republican (1869-1877)
ulysses s. grant
republican (1881)
james a. garfield
republican (1881-1885)
chester a. arthur
democrat (1885-1889 / 1893-1897)
grover cleveland
republican (1889-1893)
benjamin harrison
republican ( 1897-1901)
william mckinley
Why did railroad companies encourage migration in the American West in the late nineteenth century?
It provided new economic opportunities, developed new towns and communities, and tied the east and west together.
Why did the Central Pacific Railroad hire a predominantly Chinese labor force for the construction of the transpacific railroad?
Because they were facing a labor shortage, and the Chinese had no other choice but to work cheaply.
What was the significance of the refrigerated train car?
Allowed for transcontinental trade of perishable items like food
Which industries depended heavily on railroads in 1882?
timber, coal, steel
How did the Panic of 1873 benefit the “robber baron” Jay Gould?
It lowered the stock of many different railroad companies which Jay then bought and created an “almost” monopoly
When Rockefeller’s Standard Oil made the very barrels in which the oil was shipped, this was an example of what business practice?
vertical integration
Why did manufacturing businesses in the late 19th century have an interest in hiring workers from ethnic origins?
they were cheap laborers
What were important factors driving immigration to the United States in the late 19th century?
Economic, political, social, and demographic factors drew immigrants. Industrial capitalism and the thought of the American dream also drew them
Which major city was the first city to construct a subway system?
boston
Who was the publisher of the New York World in the 1880’s?
Joseph Pulitzer
What political system rewarded supporters and contributors to election with government jobs?
spoil system
created railway air brake
george westinghouse
Why did Congress pass the Pendleton Civil Act in January 1883?
To stop the Spoil system from happening
What was the Gilded Age?
the era of poverty and inequality
ex- Rockefeller and Gould
Industrial lockout that culminated in a battle that strikers defeated private security agents.
homestead strike
anti-monopoly, expansion of supplier of national paper money.
greenback party
Known as “the people’s party, opened its convention on July 4th, 1892. It was a religious revival. The populists presented a long list of reforms, including that popular election of senators, a graduated income tax, antitrust legislation, and public ownership of railroad
populist party
Provided that federal government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and that the government employees be selected through competitive exams
pendleton civil service act (1883)
Created from the Pendleton Civil Service Act. It was to administer competitive examinations to applicants for government jobs.
civil service commission
Required the U.S. Treasury to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver bouillon each month. Results were that it diminished gold reserves.
sherman silver purchase act
The first major labor organization in the US. (1869). Open to all workers, declined after 1886. Disapproved strikes, supported many labor reforms, including cooperatives, favored broad political involvement.
knights of labor
The relative insignificance of mayors that created a political vacuum into which urban machines grew in political power. Immigrant residents benefited when the establishment ignored them.
urban political machine
an illustration of the power of war memories and the importance of veterans pensions.
grand army of the republic
Served an important function in urban life. The machine provided urban residents with jobs, legal assistance, food, and welfare. In return, the expected and usually received the votes of those benefiting from their efforts.
machine bosses
Founded in 1886, open only to craft workers and organized by craft. Hostile to blacks and women. became major US labor organization after 1880s. Opposed political involvement, supported some labor reforms, approved of strikes.
american federation of labor
Founded in 1874, advocated for temperance (abstinence from drinking alcohol) as a way to make home life safer for women and children
women’s christian temperance union
Why did the Indian Resistance in the American West beyond the Mississippi fail in the latter 19th century?
The army had many technological advances over the Native Americans, the soldiers were better armed, and the army purposefully destroyed natural resources and exploited tribal rivalries.
formed in 1895, wanted public anti-alcohol sentiment, enforcement of existing temperance law (DID NOT LIKE ALCOHOL)
anti-saloon league
