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EFMB Written Test > Unit Field Sanitation Teams > Flashcards

Unit Field Sanitation Teams Flashcards

1
Q

What is a disease and non-battle injury?

A

Disease or injury that is not related to battle injury

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2
Q

How do unit field sanitation teams (FST) assist commanders in maintaining health
and well-being of Soldiers?

A
  • Arthropod/rodent management
  • Water supplies/disinfection/purification
  • Food service personnel/facilities/equipment
  • SUPERVISING: Garbage disposal, field latrines/urinals
  • *Unit details, not FSTs, are responsible for constructing/maintaining field waste disposal facilities**
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3
Q

What does an FST consist of and where are they assigned?

A

1 NCO and 1 enlisted soldier; in units with organic medical personnel, the NCO should be a medical NCO.
-Established within company-, battery-, and similar-sized units

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4
Q

For which resources are an FST dependent on support from brigade level and higher preventive
medicine personnel?

A
  • Field sanitation team certification training
  • Field screening and presumptive analysis of water supplies
  • Basic pest management and surveillance
  • Limited application of pesiticides
  • Limited medical surveillance
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5
Q

How many field sanitation teams should commanders of a company-sized unit appoint/train prior to deployment?

A

2 (a primary and an alternate)

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6
Q

What are the eight health threats to soldiers in the field?

A
  1. Endemic diseases
  2. Food and waterborne diseases
  3. Hazardous plants/animals
  4. Entomological hazards
  5. Toxic industrial materials
  6. Deployment-related stress
  7. Hazardous noise
  8. Climatic or environmental extremes
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7
Q

What are preventative medicine measures and their principles?

A

Simple, common sense actions that every soldier can perform to reduce the spread of disease and reduce/eliminate the incidence of disease/non-battle injury
Principles:
-Soldiers perform individual techniques of prev med measures
-FSTs train soldiers in the measures and advise the commander and unit leaders on implementation of unit-level prev med measures
-Chain of command plans for and enforces prev med measures

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8
Q

What are protective measures that fall under an individual Soldier’s responsibility?

A

Adequate personal hygiene, airing sleeping bags, wearing clean clothes, properly disposing of refuse
-Protect against heat injury, cold injury, arthropodborne diseases, enteric diseases, skin diseases

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9
Q

Where must hand-washing devices be provided?

A

Outside latrine enclosures and in food service areas

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10
Q

What are considerations to take when packing personal hygiene supplies?

A

Pack for at least 2 months, to last until sustainment of the items is assured
-Don’t share toiletry articles as this may lead to spread of disease and infection

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11
Q

When is handwashing and sanitizing most effective?

A

When done frequently–at a minimum, before/after eating, before/after handling food, after using the latrine, after handling flora/fauna, physical contact with others, etc.

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12
Q

Effective means of sanitizing hands?

A
  • Soap and potable water
  • Alcohol-based hand sanitizing solutions (when soap/water not available; not effective if your hands are covered w/ dirt, etc.)
  • Alcohol wipes
  • Commercial cleansing wipes
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13
Q

How can you avoid contracting water and foodborne disease?

A
  • Only eat/drink from US approved sources

- Wash hands before/after eating, after bathroom, etc

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14
Q

Understand how to use the DoD Insect Repellent System. What are the three
components?

A
  1. Permethrin on uniforms and bed nets
  2. 33% N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) on exposed skin
  3. Proper wearing of uniform
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15
Q

What are the three required components for effective personal protection against athropodborne disease?

A
  1. Measure itself must be effective when properly used
  2. Continual maintenance of a well-defined education program
  3. Every individual must be informed about the importance of measures
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16
Q

How can you avoid potential heat injury?

A
  • Become acclimatized (requires 3-5 days for significant acclimatization and up to 2 weeks for full)
  • Use sunscreen
  • Drink plenty of water (1/2 to 1-1/2 quarts/hr)
  • Use work/rest cycles as directed
  • Eat all meals to replace salts
  • Modify the uniform as directed/authorized
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17
Q

How long does it take to acclimatize to heat?

A
  • 3-5 days for significant acclimatization

- Up to 2 weeks for full acclimatization

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18
Q

How much water should you drink to prevent heat-related injuries?

A
  • 1/2 to 1-1/2 quarts of water per hour

- Three gallons (12 quarts) per day in hot, dry climates

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19
Q

How can you avoid potential cold injury?

A
  • Wear clothing as directed by commanders/leaders; in loose layers (avoid tight clothing)
  • Keep clothes warm/dry
  • Wear headgear
  • Remove excess clothing when working in heated areas, to prevent sweating
  • Change wet clothes ASAP
  • Always move around
  • Exercise large muscle groups frequently
  • Avoid alcohol and tobacco
  • Eat all meals
  • Drink plenty of water
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20
Q

What are toxic industrial materials? Where are they generally found?

A 
Occupational hazards: 
-Exhaust from engines/space heaters
-Gases from weapons firing
-Cleaning solvents
-Greases/oil from vehicle maintenance
Industrial hazards:
-Compresses gases
-industrial solvents
-Hazardous chemical waste
-Water treatment/weage treatment materials
Biological/radiological hazards
-Medical waste
-Medical research equipment
-Radioactive isotopes
-Nuclear power plant substances/depleted uranium/etc
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21
Q

What is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that causes headache, sleepiness, coma, and death?

A

Carbon Monoxide

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22
Q

What is the toxicity of obscuration/signaling gas?

A

Very irritating gas that can cause severe coughing, wheezing, lung damage, if inhaled

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23
Q

What is the toxicity of bore/gun gases?

How can you avoid toxicity?

A

Extremely irritating gas that reacts with body fluids to produce hydrochloric acid in the throat/lungs/eyes

  • Causes cough, acid burns to tissues, and flu-like lung disease
  • Avoid toxicity by using onboard vehicle ventilation systems, keeping the ore evacuator well-maintained, and keeping air movement in gun emplacements
24
Q

What is the toxicity of solvents/fuel/grease/oils?

A

Cause skin rashes, burns, drying, infections

-Can also damage the liver, blood, and brain

25
Q

How can you avoid carbon monoxide poisoning?

A
  • Run engines outdoors or with ventilation systems (as primary system) or shop doors/windows open (as secondary system)
  • Keep sleeping area windows slightly open for ventilation
  • Do not sleep in vehicles with the engine running or use engine exhaust for heat
  • Do not park vehicles near air intakes to tents etc.
26
Q

How long are the benefits of a short nap evident?

A

Up to 2 days after the nap.

27
Q

What frequency/dose of caffeine improves performance?

A

200-300 mg (the equivalent of 2-3 cups of coffee) every 3-4 hours

28
Q

Performance will be degraded with less than ___hours of sleep every 24-hours. Less than ___ hours of sleep will result in stabilizing performance at a lower level. Less than ___ hours of sleep will degrade performance continuously and rapidly with no stabilization.

A

8
7
4

29
Q

How should you select the location for field latrines?

A
  • As far as possible from food operations (at least 100 meters), downwind, and downslope
  • Downwind and downslope from wells, springs, streams, and other water sources (at least 30 meters)
30
Q

What is the most common type of human waste disposal device in the field? When moving? When chemical toilets are not available?

A

Chemical toilets (in the field)
Individual waste collection bags (when moving)
Burn-out latrines (when chemical toilets are not available)

31
Q

What document provides guidance for unit sleep plans?

A

FM 6-22.5

32
Q

What are three considerations for the amount of water necessary to sustain soldiers?

A
  1. Season of the year
  2. Geographical location
  3. Tactical situation
33
Q

What is the usual water requirement in a temperate climate for drinking + cooking?

A

5 gallons per man per day. If showering facilities are to be made available, the amount required will be at least 15 gallons per man per day.

34
Q

What are the rules of water discipline?

A
  • Drink water from approved sources only
  • Prevent water waste
  • Protect water sources with good sanitary practices
35
Q

What is the responsibility of the FST in regards to water supplies?

A
  • Ensure that unit bulk water supplies are always safe for consumption
  • Make sure chlorine residuals in water supplies are check at least twice a day
  • Add Chlorine to maintain a minimum of one part per million (0.1mg/L)
36
Q

How frequently should unit-level water storage equipment be maintained?

A

Quarterly while in garrison, prior to every deployment, and before being filled/refilled at water distribution points

37
Q

What is water treatment and purification?

A

Combination of one or more processes employed to improve the quality of water
-Treatment: removing suspended/dissolved contaminants and killing/inactivating microorganisms, etc. (e.g. screening, aeration, chemical addition, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation…)

38
Q

What is the preferred field method of water disinfection in the US Army?

A

Chlorination–uses chlorine compounds such as calcium hypochlorite (granular) or sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach)
-Usually the final treatment barrier to microbiological contaminants in water treatment systems

39
Q

What are the two sources of water found in the field?

A
  • Raw water sources (fresh or seawater) that have not been previously used/treated/purified
  • Other water sources approved for use by prev med (e.g. locally produced bottled water)
40
Q

What are the classes of water, and some examples of what they can be used for?

A

Class I-Potable (reverse osmosis purification treated, bottle, packaged field water, approved municipal/ground water)–drinking, brushing teeth, etc
Class II–may meet short and/or long term potability standards, can be consumed after putting 2 mg/L chlorine. (disinfected filtered fresh water, treated shower/laundry wtaer)–decon of personnel, heat casualty body cooling, well-development
Class III-non-potable (untreated fresh water)–vehicle colland, aircraft washing, pest control, field laundry
Class IV-non-potable (brackish water, seawater)–firefighting, electrical grounding, vehicle washing, CBRNE decon of material, etc.

41
Q

Cambylobacteriosis

A

Bacterial infection of GI tract; causes fever, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (often bloody)

  • Symptoms typically last 1 week
  • Most common cause of gastroenteritis in the world
  • Symptoms usually start 2-5 days after exposure
42
Q

Most common causes of bacterial diarrhea

A

Campylobacter
E. coli
Some noncholera vibrio
-Also responsible for waterborne diarrhea
-Incubation period is usually 2-5 days and acute illness is usually limited to 3-5 days or less

43
Q

Cholera

A

Caused by an enterotoxic produced by VIbrio Cholerae

  • Mild cases are more common, cause watery diarrhea; severe cases can result in death within a few hours
  • Symptoms; profuse water stools, tenesmus, prominent abdominal pain, sometimes w/ vomiting
  • Can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of a few hours
  • Most common in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and parts of the Mediterranean
  • Humans are the main reservoir
  • Contagious period lasts a few days after recovery, but the carrier stay may persist for a few months
44
Q

E. coli

A

Acute bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramping lasting about 1 week
-Incubation period 2-8 days

45
Q

Diseases caused by legionella

A

Legionnaires’ disease: Severe form of pneumonia + fever, chills, cough, muscle aches, headache, diarrhea
Pontiac fever: milder illness resembling the flu
-Pontiac fever usually resolves spontaneously, but legionnaires’ can be fatal
-Thrive in water 32-45 degrees C, so can commonly be found in hot water systems

46
Q

Leptospirosis

A

Bacterial disease contracted through skin contact with surface water contaminated with urine from infected animals

  • Penetrate skin through abrasions/mucous membranes
  • Rapid onset fever/headache/chills/myalgias (especially in calves/thighs)/conjunctival swelling
  • Incubation is 4 to 19 days, most commonly 10 days
  • May excrete bacteria in the urine for 1-11 months after acute illness
47
Q

What are toxicities related to cyanobacteria metabolites? What process is effective to remove the metabolite of cyanobacteria?

A
  • The toxins released by cyanobacteria metabolism cause: abd pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, muscle, joint pain
  • The use of an algaecide is not advisable because killing the algae releases toxins
  • The chemical nature of the contaminants makes chlorination ineffective
  • Reverse osmosis treatment is the only effective method
48
Q

What are the three types of water disinfectants used at a unit-level?

A
  • Calcium hypochlorite (68-70% by weight available chlorine)
  • Water purification tablets, chlorine
  • Water purification tablets, iodine
49
Q

What are the four variables in determining the effectiveness of chlorine disinfection of drinking water?

A
  • Dose
  • Demand (the amount of chlorine per L of water that reacts with inorganic and organic matter, and is no longer available for disinfection)
  • Residual concentration (amount of free available chlorine after the demand is completely satisfied)
  • Contact time (after the demand has been exceeded; time established for chlorine to react with an inactivate pathogenic microorganisms prior to consumption)
50
Q

Understand the process for determining chlorine residual.

A
  • Residual will react with any contaminant that subsequently get into the water as well as prevent regrowth of inactivated bacteria in any storage/distribution system that may be in use
  • Two types of kits: Chlorine residual test strips (most common; use like a urine dipstick) and N, N Diethyl-1, 4 phenylenediamine sulfate test kit (put the chlorine test tab in the comparator and allow it to dissolve, compare color of water with color disc; darker colors are better)
51
Q

Understand how to use iodine tablets to disinfect water.

A
  • Intended to disinfect water in small containers (e.g. canteens, personal hydration systems, 5-gallon water cans)
  • Iodine tablets in good condition will be steel gray
  • Always inspect for physical signs of damage before using them
  • 2 tablets for 1qt canteen or 40 oz reservoir, and 40 tablets for a five gallon container. Wait five min after submersing tabs then shake and let sit for 25 min before use.
52
Q

What are the three factors that influence effectiveness of chlorine disinfection?

A
  • Adequate mixing
  • pH of the water (higher pHs are less effective; most effective pH is 5.5-6.5)
  • Water temperature (lower temperatures need longer contact time)
53
Q

What is the process for disinfecting bulk water supplies?

A

Dissolve 1 heaping teaspoon of high-test hypochlorite (approx 1/4 ounce) for each 2 gallons of water (5mL per 7.5L). This makes a stock chlorine solution
-Add the chlorine solution in the ratio of 1 part of chlorine solution to each 100 parts of water to be treated (add 1 pint/16oz of stock chlorine to each 12.5 gallons of water)–approx 1/2L stock to 50L water

54
Q

What is the process for using calcium hypochlorite to disinfect canteens?

A

-Fill the canteen with the cleanest, clearest water available, leaving an air space of an inch or more
-Fill a canteen cup half full of water and add the calcium hypochlorite from one ampule, stirring with a clean utensil
-Fill the cap of a plastic canteen half-full of the solution int eh cup and add it to the water in the canteen. Then place the cap on the canteen and shake it thoroughly.
-Leave the water for at least 30 minutes before using it for any purpose
^^applies to 1 quart–double for 2 quart canteen

55
Q

How do you disinfect your canteen with iodine?

A
  1. fill canteen with cleanest, clearest water available. Add two iodine tabs to each 1qt canteen or four tabs to 2qt canteens. 2% solution of tincture of iodine may be used in place of iodine tabs (5 drops of tincture liquid are equivalent to one iodine tablet). Put cap on and shake, wait five min, loosen cap slightly and invert to allow treated water to leak around canteen threads and let sit for 25 min before drinking.

EFMB Written Test (4 decks)

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