unit exam 2 Flashcards
aerobic respiration
the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy.
cellular respiration
a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP
mitochondria
membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions.
cristae
fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.
matrix
a tissue in animal or plant cells, in which more specialized structures are firmly connected or embeeded.
glycolisis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
krebs cycle
the main source of energy for cells and an important part of aerobic respiration.
pyruvic acid
liquid that is produced by breaking down carbohydrates and sugars through the glycolytic pathway (glycolysis)
NADH
essentially produced only during the cellular respiration and it gets oxidised to release energy in the form of ATP
anaerobic respiration
respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen.
fermentation
the process in which a substance breaks down into a simpler substance.
carbon cycle
cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.
how does atp store and release energy in cells
the ATP molecule splits off one of its three phosphates, becoming ADP (Adenosine di-phosphate) + phosphate. (when it loses a phosphate a substantial amount of energy is released)
glucose
a simple sugar that is an important energy source
photosynthesis
the process in which organisms use sunlight to create food from carbon dioxide and water
reactant
a substance that takes part in creating a product
product
the end result of reactants working together to make something
stomata
microscopic pores in a plant that control the gases going in and out
pigment
a substance that gives another substance color
chlorophyll
the green color in plants that absorbs light to provide energy for plants
chloroplast
where photosynthesis takes place
thylakoid
where light dependent reactions take place, and look like little pancakes
grana
stacks of thylakoid in the stroma of a chloroplast
stroma
fluid in the inner spaces of the chloroplast
electron transport chain
proteins that break down and absorb photons and break down into electrons that travel throughout the chloroplast giving energy to the chloroplast
light dependent reactions
takes place in the thylakoid membrane where O2, NADPH and ATP are formed and NADPH and ATP carry energy back into the dark reactions
light independent reactions
happen in the stoma and use CO2 energy from the ATP and NADPH to make glucose
NADPH
produces the ATP needed to convert light energy into carbohydrates
molecule
2 or more atoms bonded together
compound
a substance that contains 2 or more different elements combined
macromolecule
large molecule that takes up or has an important function in living things
polymer
a large molecule thats formed when several monomers form together
monomer
a single unit
carbohydrate
sugar molecules that are the body’s most important source energy
monosaccharide
simplest form of carbohydratesthat include sugars such glucose and frutcose
disaccharide
any substance that is composed of 2 or more monosaccharides linked together
polysaccharide
are polymers made up of many monosaccharides
lipids
fatty, oily, or waxy compounds that are used for energy storage insulation, and protective coverings
nucleic acids
CHONP, stores cellular energy in the form of a code
nucleotide
organic molecule with a base composition of pentose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base
protein
made up of CHON is used to contract muscles, transport oxygen in the bloodstream, and help immunity
amino acids
molecules that combine to form proteins
enzyme
proteins that speed up chemical reactions
active site
the region on a enzyme that reacts with the substrate
substrate
surface on which an organism grows or is attached
structure of chloroplast
have an inner and outer membrane. the inner membrane forms a border to the stroma and regulates passage of thing in and out of the chloroplast. outer membrane has porins and and is permeable to small molecules
