unit exam 2

Question 1

aerobic respiration

Answer 1

the process by which organisms use oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical energy.

Question 2

cellular respiration

Answer 2

a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP

Question 3

mitochondria

Answer 3

membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions.

Question 4

cristae

Answer 4

fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.

Question 5

matrix

Answer 5

a tissue in animal or plant cells, in which more specialized structures are firmly connected or embeeded.

Question 6

glycolisis

Answer 6

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

Question 7

krebs cycle

Answer 7

the main source of energy for cells and an important part of aerobic respiration.

Question 8

pyruvic acid

Answer 8

liquid that is produced by breaking down carbohydrates and sugars through the glycolytic pathway (glycolysis)

Question 9

NADH

Answer 9

essentially produced only during the cellular respiration and it gets oxidised to release energy in the form of ATP

Question 10

anaerobic respiration

Answer 10

respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen.

Question 11

fermentation

Answer 11

the process in which a substance breaks down into a simpler substance.

Question 12

carbon cycle

Answer 12

cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.

Question 13

how does atp store and release energy in cells

Answer 13

the ATP molecule splits off one of its three phosphates, becoming ADP (Adenosine di-phosphate) + phosphate. (when it loses a phosphate a substantial amount of energy is released)

Question 14

glucose

Answer 14

a simple sugar that is an important energy source

Question 15

photosynthesis

Answer 15

the process in which organisms use sunlight to create food from carbon dioxide and water

Question 16

reactant

Answer 16

a substance that takes part in creating a product

Question 17

product

Answer 17

the end result of reactants working together to make something

Question 18

stomata

Answer 18

microscopic pores in a plant that control the gases going in and out

Question 19

pigment

Answer 19

a substance that gives another substance color

Question 20

chlorophyll

Answer 20

the green color in plants that absorbs light to provide energy for plants

Question 21

chloroplast

Answer 21

where photosynthesis takes place

Question 22

thylakoid

Answer 22

where light dependent reactions take place, and look like little pancakes

Question 23

grana

Answer 23

stacks of thylakoid in the stroma of a chloroplast

Question 24

stroma

Answer 24

fluid in the inner spaces of the chloroplast

Question 25

electron transport chain

Answer 25

proteins that break down and absorb photons and break down into electrons that travel throughout the chloroplast giving energy to the chloroplast

Question 26

light dependent reactions

Answer 26

takes place in the thylakoid membrane where O2, NADPH and ATP are formed and NADPH and ATP carry energy back into the dark reactions

Question 27

light independent reactions

Answer 27

happen in the stoma and use CO2 energy from the ATP and NADPH to make glucose

Question 28

NADPH

Answer 28

produces the ATP needed to convert light energy into carbohydrates

Question 29

molecule

Answer 29

2 or more atoms bonded together

Question 30

compound

Answer 30

a substance that contains 2 or more different elements combined

Question 31

macromolecule

Answer 31

large molecule that takes up or has an important function in living things

Question 32

polymer

Answer 32

a large molecule thats formed when several monomers form together

Question 33

monomer

Answer 33

a single unit

Question 34

carbohydrate

Answer 34

sugar molecules that are the body's most important source energy

Question 35

monosaccharide

Answer 35

simplest form of carbohydratesthat include sugars such glucose and frutcose

Question 36

disaccharide

Answer 36

any substance that is composed of 2 or more monosaccharides linked together

Question 37

polysaccharide

Answer 37

are polymers made up of many monosaccharides

Question 38

lipids

Answer 38

fatty, oily, or waxy compounds that are used for energy storage insulation, and protective coverings

Question 39

nucleic acids

Answer 39

CHONP, stores cellular energy in the form of a code

Question 40

nucleotide

Answer 40

organic molecule with a base composition of pentose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

Question 41

protein

Answer 41

made up of CHON is used to contract muscles, transport oxygen in the bloodstream, and help immunity

Question 42

amino acids

Answer 42

molecules that combine to form proteins

Question 43

enzyme

Answer 43

proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Question 44

active site

Answer 44

the region on a enzyme that reacts with the substrate

Question 45

substrate

Answer 45

surface on which an organism grows or is attached

Question 46

structure of chloroplast

Answer 46

have an inner and outer membrane. the inner membrane forms a border to the stroma and regulates passage of thing in and out of the chloroplast. outer membrane has porins and and is permeable to small molecules