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Populations and genetics > Unit D review > Flashcards

Unit D review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Environment “selects” the most fit individuals to survive + reproduce

A

Natural selection

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2
Q

Organism, variety or species

A

Polyploid

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3
Q

Total of all alleles for all genes in all members of a population

A

Gene pool

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4
Q

Gene pool __ when a mutation changes a gene pool and survives. Gene pool __ when an allele dies out

A

Increases, decreases

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5
Q

The change in the frequency of genes in a population’s gene pool from one generation to the next

A

Evolution

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6
Q

1908-__ independently derived the basic principle of population genetics

A

Godfrey Hardy & Wilhelm Weinberg

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7
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle 5 factors

A

1.No mutations
2. Random mating
3. No gene flow
4.very large population size
5. No natural selection

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8
Q

That frequency of alleles in population gene pool will remain constant if 5 factors met

A

Hardy-Weinberg principle

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9
Q

The gradual change in alleles frequencies of a population over successive generations (smaller organisms that produce quickly)

A

Microevolution

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10
Q

When different allele travel. Y expand into new region or reduce in size

A
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11
Q

When different allele travel. Species expand into new region or reduce in size

A

Generic drift

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12
Q

A species travels into a new region. Diversity in the new gene pool will be limited

A

Founder effect

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13
Q

Populations can be drastically reduced in size by various factors(over hunting, natural disaster). Since survivors have only a subset of the alleles found in the original population, the gene pool loses diversity

A

Bottleneck effect

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14
Q

Random mating is uncommon for two reasons

A

Natural selection, mate preference

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15
Q

Any inheritable change in the DNA of an organism

A

Mutation

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16
Q

Inheritable mutations occur in a cell as it undergoes meiosis to form an egg/sperm. Two types:

A

Chromosome & gene mutations

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17
Q

__Formation of a new species caused by: __&__ isolation

A

Speciation, geographical & reproductive isolation

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18
Q

Gradual and natural over time as a result of mutation and adaption to changing environmental conditions. Punctuated equilibrium-shoet periods of rapid change followed by static state

A

Transformation

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19
Q

One or more species arise feom parent species

A

Divergence

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20
Q

All individuals of the same species living in the same place at a certain time

A

Population

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21
Q

Made up of populations of all organisms that occupy an area

A

Community

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22
Q

Physical area where a species lives

A

Habitat

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23
Q

A population ecological role in the community, including biotic & abiotic factors under which a species can successfully survive and reproduce

A

Ecological niche

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24
Q

Occurs when individuals are grouped in patches or aggressions. Organisms are distributed according to certain environmental factors

A

Clumped distribution

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25
Q

Occurs when there is neither attraction nor repulsion among members of the population. Arbitrary and not very common

A

Random distribution

26
Q

Occurs when there is competition along individuals for factors such as moisture, nutrients, light & space

A

Uniform (spaced) distribution

27
Q

of organisms of the same species sharing same habitat at certain time

A

Population size

28
Q

of organisms per unit space

A

Population Density

29
Q

Change in # of individuals in population over specific time frame

A

Growth rate

30
Q

Rate of change per individuals

A

Capita growth rate

31
Q

Max # of offspring per birth

A

Birth potential

32
Q

Chance of offspring reaching reproductive maturity

A

Capacity of survival

33
Q

of times per year the organisms reproduce

A

Breeding frequency

34
Q

Age at which reproduction begins & # of years individual can reproduce

A

Length of reproductive life

35
Q

S-shape growth curve, 3 phases-lag,growth,plateau, logistical growth,k-selected, density-dependent factors, associated with intraspecific competition

A

Open population

36
Q

J-shape growth curve, 4 phases-lag,growth,stationary,death, exponential growth, r-selected, density independent factors

A

Closed population

37
Q

Maintain a stable population around the caring capacity. Usually stable environment. Larger animals w/ long life. More parental care

A

K-selected species

38
Q

Boom & bust. Unstable , unpredictable environment. Frequently exceed caring capacity. Smaller less parental care

A

R-selected species

39
Q

Funcundity

A

of offspring you can have per birth

40
Q

Abiotic, affects memebers of a population regardless of population density

A

Density independent

41
Q

Biotic, factors that arise from population density that affects members of that population. Bigger impact of large population

A

Density dependent

42
Q

Max # of individuals of one species the environment can support with no net increase/ decrease in population

A

Carrying capacity

43
Q

Environmental factors (biotic&abiotic) that lower a populations numbers

A

Environmental resistance

44
Q

Almost all individuals achieve max age of which they are physiological capable. Low death when young, as age increase so does death rate

A

Type l survivorship curves

45
Q

A certain factor of the animals die at each age, chance of death same at all ages. Death mainly due to accidents & predators

A

Type ll survivorship curves

46
Q

Most common. Species w/ high reproductive rates lose vast majority of offspring at early age.

A

Type lll survivorship curves

47
Q

“If two populations of organisms occupy the same ecological niche, one of the populations will be eliminated “

A

Gauses principle

48
Q

Occurs between similar species for a limited resource

A

Interspecific competition

49
Q

Occurs within an ecological niche of members within the same species

A

Intraspecific competition

50
Q

An adaptation in form, shape or behaviour that better enables an organism to avoid a predator

A

Camouflage

51
Q

Involves developing a similar colour pattern, shape or behaviour that has been provided another organism w/ some survival advantage.

A

Mimicry

52
Q

Relationship in which two different organisms live in a close association

A

Symbiosis

53
Q

Relationship in which two different organisms live together & both benefit from a relationship

A

Mutualism

54
Q

Association between two organisms in which one benefits and other is unaffected

A

Commensalism

55
Q

Parasite obtains nourishment fromtheu hosts, but do not kill them but often will affect host I detrimental way

A
55
Q

Parasite obtains nourishment from their hosts, but do not kill them but often will affect host In a detrimental way

A

Parsitism

56
Q

Stable, final community

A

Climax community

57
Q

Occurs in an area which no community preciously existed. Takes long time

A

Primary succession

58
Q

Occurs following complete or partial destruction of community. Quicker(already have soil)

A

Secondary succession

59
Q

Slow, orderly progressive replacement of the community by another during an area’s development

A

Succession

Populations and genetics (1 decks)

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