Unit D: Human Systems (Digestion, Muscles, Lungs)

Question 1

What are the three nutritional needs? (digestion)

Answer 1

• Fuel for all cellular work
• The organic raw materials for biosynthesis (anabolic pathways)
• Essential nutrients
  -> substances such as vitamins, that the animal CANNOT make for itself.

Question 2

What is the primary energy source (in digestion?)

Answer 2

carbohydrates

Question 3

What are the three unhealthy “-nourishment” s?

Answer 3

Under-nourishment

Mal-nourishment

Over-nourishment (ex. obesity)

Question 4

What is under-nourishment? (OR, how does it occur?… what is MISSING?)

Answer 4

[Undernourishment]:
- occurs when diets are chronically deficent in calories

Question 5

What is mal-nourishment? (OR how it occurs + what is missing?)

Answer 5

[Malnourishment]
- insefficent amounts of one or more essential AMINO ACIDS -> PROTIEN DEFICENCY

Question 6

What is over-nourishment? (how it occurs, what is unbalanced?)

Answer 6

[Overnourishment] (ex. obesity)
- results from excessive food intake
- leads to the storage of excess calories as fat

Question 7

What are the four steps of digestion?
(NOT about specific organs)

Answer 7

1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorbtion
4. Egestion

Question 8

What happens during each of the four steps of digestion?
(NOT about specific organs)

Answer 8

1. Ingestion
   - intake of nutrients (eating/drinking)
2. Digestion
   - breakdown of complex nutrient molecules into simple molecules (to be absorbed by the body)
   -

Question 9

Muscle contraction requires _____. Very little _____ can be stored in the muscle tissue.

Answer 9

ATP

Question 10

What are the three ways the muscles of the body obtains ATP?

Answer 10

1. Creatine phosphate breakdown
2. Fermentation
   (Oxygen deficit)

3.Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Question 11

Why does oxygen deficit occur?

Answer 11

It occurs when mitochondria require more O2 than available

Question 12

What substance forms in the muscle I. The abscenece of oxygen?

Answer 12

Lactic acid

Question 13

Which organelle provides ATP to the muscles?

Answer 13

Mitochondria🧫

Question 14

Name the specialized oxygen carrying protein found only in the muscle…?

Answer 14

Myoglobin 😝

The protein has a greater affinity (attraction) for oxygen than regular. RBCs

Question 15

Name the structure, function, and location of skeletal muscles🦴💪

Answer 15

STRUCTURE:
* Striated (lines)
* body’s most abundant tissue
* attach to skeleton and come in pairs ‼️
- one muscle to move the bone in one direction and another to make it back the other way

FUNCTION:
* contacts voluntarily 💪
* twitch (short, single contraction)**
*Tetunus (long, sustained contraction)❗️🏋️
*supports the body
*Movement -> generates heat = maintains body temp 🔥
* protects internal organs and stabilize joints 🦴🫁🫀

LOCATION:
* attached to skeleton by tendons (surrounds Skelton)

Question 16

Name the structure, function and location of smooth muscles🫁

Answer 16

STRUCTURE:
* smooth and NOT striated 🍦
* single cell nuclei in each cell 🔬

FUNCTION:
* Has the ability to stretch and maintain tension for long period of time 💪💪🏋️❗️
*Involuntary (automatic)🦾

LOCATION:
*Digestice system, blood vessels, bladder, airways & the uterus 😋🩸🚽🫁👶