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Science 10 > Unit C - Biology > Flashcards

Unit C - Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What hormone stimulates the growth response of a plant?

A

Auxin

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2
Q

What are the three statements of cell theory?

A

All living things are made up of one or more cells, all life functions take place in cells, and all cells are produced through pre-existing cells.

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3
Q

Define cohesion

A

Cohesion is the attraction of water molecules to other water molecules.

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4
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Cellular respiration is a set of reactions in plants in which bonds are broken and other bonds formed in new compounds, with the result that energy is released.

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5
Q

Describe a compound microscope

A

A compound microscope is a microscope using more than one lens to magnify objects.

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6
Q

Explain the differences between the microscopes used by Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek

A

Robert Hook used a handmade microscope with a three-lens system, and van Leeuwenhoek used a single-lens microscope.

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7
Q

What were the problems with early compound light microscopes and how were these problems overcome?

A

Early compound light microscopes were often blurry with a halo of light around the object. To fix this issue, a combination of lenses called an achromatic lens was developed to control the halo and improve the detail that could be seen.

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8
Q

Describe the theory of spontaneous generation

A

Spontaneous generation is the theory that life could emerge spontaneously from non-living matter.

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9
Q

How was the theory of spontaneous generation disproven?

A

Louis Pasteur, a chemist, used three flasks all with the same broth to disprove spontaneous generation. One flask was open, one flask was covered, and one flask was open with its neck bent in an S shape so that micro organisms could not enter the broth. The open flask had mold growth, but both the closed flask and the bent flask were moldless.

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10
Q

Who was the first person to discover cells?

A

Robert Hooke

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11
Q

Define the term adhesion

A

Adhesion is the attraction of water molecules to molecules of other substances.

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12
Q

What did Robert Brown contribute to the cell theory?

A

Robert Brown identified the nucleus.

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13
Q

What did M.J. Schleiden contribute to cell theory?

A

M.J. Schleiden observed that all plants were made of cells, and that the nucleus was responsible for the development of the remainder of the cell.

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14
Q

What did Theodor Schwann contribute to the cell theory?

A

He was studying animal physiology, and believed that there must be similarities between plant and animal tissue.

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15
Q

What did Rudolf Virchow contribute to the cell theory?

A

Virchow stated that all cells arise only from pre-existing cells.

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16
Q

What factor limits the extent of resolving power in the light microscope?

A

The resolving power in the light microscope is limited because as light as focused into smaller and smaller diameters, the image becomes blurred.

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17
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using an electron microscope?

A

One advantage of using an electron microscope is its resolving power, the drawback is that it may only show a very small section at a time.

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18
Q

Name some advantages of conducting cell research at the molecular level

A

Cell research at the molecular level has led to major breakthroughs in medicine and industry. Gene mapping has helped scientists research cures for genetic illnesses and study the way diseases attack the cells.

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19
Q

Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of staining cells?

A

Staining improves the contrast between different internal structures and produces better images. But it also kills the cell, making it impossible to view living tissue.

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20
Q

How can the use of fluorescence microscopy increase our knowledge of cell structure?

A

Fluorescence microscopy uses fluorescent substances to attach onto molecules in tissues so that they may be located by the microscope.

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21
Q

What is an open system and why is a cell considered to be one?

A

An open system is a system that is able to exchange matter and energy with its surroundings. Cells are considered open systems because they are able to carry on all of life processes, including exchanging matter and energy.

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22
Q

Describe the function of the cell membrane

A

The cell membrane is the protective barrier for the cell, it allows the transport of needed materials into the cell and waste materials out.

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23
Q

Describe the function of the nucleus

A

The nucleus is the organelle that contains DNA and directs all cellular activities.

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24
Q

Describe the function of the cytoplasm

A

The cytoplasm contains nutrients required by the cell to carry on life processes. The physical nature of the cytoplasm allows for movement of organelles and molecules within the cell

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25
Q

Describe the function of chloroplasts

A

Chloroplasts are found only in plants and some protists. They are the sites of photosynthesis.

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26
Q

Describe the functions of vacuoles and vesicles in the cell

A

Vacuoles and vesicles are membrane-bound structures that serve to store nutrients, products of secretion, and fats. In plants, the vacuole stores water for the cell.

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27
Q

Describe the function of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to it and is associated with protein synthesis, whereas smooth endoplasmic reticulum is associated with fat and oil production.

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28
Q

Describe the function of ribosomes

A

Ribosomes are the sites where amino acids are assembled into proteins in the process of protein synthesis.

29
Q

Describe the function of lysosomes

A

Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs in the cell in which digestion can go on. Lysosomes also defend against invading bacteria, destroy damaged cell organelles, and control digestion of certain tissues.

30
Q

Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus (or Golgi body)

A

The Golgi receive substances from the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them for transport out of the cell.

31
Q

Describe the function of the mitochondria

A

Mitochondria is a rod-like structure where reactions occur to convert chemical energy in sugars into energy the cell can use. This process is called cellular respiration.

32
Q

How is the rate of diffusion affected by the surface area to volume ratio of a cell?

A

The greater the surface area to volume ratio, the more efficient cell transport and diffusion will be.

33
Q

Define the term diffusion

A

Diffusion is the natural movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

34
Q

Define the term osmosis

A

Osmosis is the natural movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

35
Q

What is the particle model of matter?

A

The particle model of mother states that all matter is made of particles, these particles are mostly movie or vibrating, they are attracted to one another or are bonded together, and have spaces between them.

36
Q

Explain the term concentration gradient

A

The difference between concentrations is called a concentration gradient. The concentration gradient determines the direction in which water or solutes will move. In the cell, the cell membrane is the gatekeeper trying to maintain equilibrium of particles on either side.

37
Q

What makes a solution hypertonic to a cell?

A

If the solution has more solute particles than the cell contents, it is considered hypertonic. When a solution is hypertonic to a cell, water will leave the cell and enter the solution.

38
Q

What happens when a solution is hypotonic to the cell?

A

When a solution is hypotonic to the cell, it means that it has a lower concentration of solutes than in the cell. Therefore, more water will enter the cell in order to maintain equilibrium.

39
Q

What does it mean if a solution is isotonic to a cell?

A

If a solution is isotonic to the cell, it has the same concentration of solutes as the cell. Therefore no water will enter or leave the cell.

40
Q

What are channel proteins?

A

Channel proteins create pores or channels through which small water-soluble particles are able to move into the cell.

41
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

Carrier proteins have the ability to attach to larger molecules that are not able to diffuse across the membrane. The carrier protein changes shape and physically moves the molecule across the membrane and into the cell.

42
Q

Describe the process of facilitated diffusion

A

Facilitated diffusion is a process in which the movement of the particle responds to the concentration gradient but needs the presence of a protein facilitator to enter the cell.

43
Q

What is active transport?

A

Active transport is the movement of particles against the concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

44
Q

Describe the process of endocytosis

A

During endocytosis, a vesicle forms around the particle and the cell membrane pinches off around it so that the vesicle is inside the cell.

45
Q

Describe the process of exocytosis

A

During exocytosis, a vesicle will surround a particle, and then will move to the plasma membrane and fuse with it. The vesicle will then rupture and release the contents of the vesicle into its surroundings.

46
Q

Describe recognition proteins and receptor proteins

A

Recognition proteins are embedded in the cell membrane, but stick out into the cell’s surroundings, allowing cells to recognize one another.
Receptor proteins bind specifically with certain molecules to bring them into the cell by endocytosis.

47
Q

What are liposomes?

A

Liposomes are fluid filled sacs surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer identical to the cell membrane in human cells. They were produced to deliver drugs to infected body tissue.

48
Q

What is the difference between peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis?

A

With peritoneal dialysis, a catheter is surgically inserted into the abdominal cavity where the dialysate fluid is pumped into the cavity. The dialysis fluid allows waste to diffuse into the dialysate, cleansing the bloodstream.
Hemodialysis involves removing the blood from the body, cleansing using a dialysate fluid and returning the blood to the body.

49
Q

Define desalination

A

Desalination is the process of removing salt from seawater in order to make it suitable for drinking.

50
Q

List the advantages and disadvantages of a single-celled organism

A

A single celled organism performs all necessary functions at the same time, the surface area to volume ratio restricts the size of the unicellular organism, and once the cell dies so does the entire organism.

51
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a multicellular organism?

A

Multicellular organisms have specialized cells to perform life functions more efficiently, internal transport systems allow the organism to grow to a larger size, and when a cell in a multicellular organism dies, it does not kill the entire organism.

52
Q

What are the two systems of a plant?

A

The root system and the shoot system.

53
Q

What are the particular growth areas of a plant called?

A

Meristems

54
Q

What is the dermal tissue or epidermis?

A

The epidermis is the outer layer of cells that covers all herbaceous plants. It is generally one cell-layer thick and is responsible for the exchange of matter and gases into and out of the plant.

55
Q

What is the function of the cuticle?

A

The cuticle is a waxy substance secreted by leaves and stems that resists attack from micro organisms and helps to reduce water loss from the plant.

56
Q

What are the functions of the ground tissue?

A

In the stem, ground tissue provides strength and support to the plant. In the roots, it is involved in food and water storage. In the leaves, it is the location where photosynthesis occurs.

57
Q

What are the differences and similarities of the xylem and the phloem?

A

Both the xylem and the phloem are vascular tissues. Xylem tissue moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots of a plant and up to the stem and leaves. Phloem tissue transports sucrose and other dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

58
Q

What is the purpose of companion cells?

A

Companion cells direct the activities of sieve tube cells, which have no nuclei.

59
Q

What is the purpose of root hairs?

A

Root hairs increase the surface area for absorption of water.

60
Q

Define guard cells

A

Guard cells are specific cells that form tiny pores called stomata for gas exchange. Guard cells are the only cells in the epidermis that contain chloroplasts. The upper epidermis usually has fewer stomata than the lower.

61
Q

What are both the word equation and the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

Water + carbon dioxide —–> glucose + oxygen

6H(2)O + 6CO(2) —-> C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2)

62
Q

Describe the palisade tissue cells and the spongy mesophyll tissue

A

Palisade tissue cells are Long, rigid, rectangular cells that are tightly packed together and arranged so that a large number of cells are exposed to the sun’s rays. Spongy mesophyll tissue are loosely packed, irregularly shaped, less rigid cells allowing for gas exchange.

63
Q

What are lenticels?

A

Lenticels are the result of a split in the secondary outer tissues that replace the epidermis. These pores provide a pathway for gas exchange and transpiration to occur.

64
Q

Define root pressure

A

Root pressure is the movement of fluid at night when the rate of transpiration is low (no sun) but root cells are still accumulating minerals. Water is forced from a higher pressure in the roots to a lower pressure in the leaves.

65
Q

Describe a transpiration pull

A

As each water molecule evaporates into the surroundings due to transpiration, it creates a pull on the adjacent water molecules. The transpiration pull is enough to draw the water up the xylem vessels to the leaves.

66
Q

Define plasmolysis

A

Plasmolysis happens when the water contained inside the vacuole leaves the vacuole and the cell, with the result of the vacuole appears shrunken.

67
Q

Describe positive and negative phototropism

A

Positive phototropism is the growth towards the stimulus of light. Negative phototropism is growth away from the stimulus of light.

68
Q

Describe positive and negative gravitropism

A

Positive gravitropism is the growth toward the gravitational force. Negative gravitropism is the growth away from the gravitational force.

Science 10 (4 decks)

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