Unit bio test Flashcards
The basic structural and functional units of life
Cells
Contain a nucleus and other organelles which are bound by a membrane
Eukaryotic cells
An organelle that contains DNA and proteins
True nucleus
Cells with free floating proteins and DNA
Prokaryotic cells
Loose bundle of DNA found in prokaryotes
Nucleoid
A scientific took that magnifies small things to make them appear bigger
Microscope
The basic structural and functional unit of life
Cell
What is the cell theory
- All living things are made of cells
- Cells are the smallest unit of life
- Cells pass their DNA off to their offspring
Was developed and electrons and magnets to scan an imagine
Scanning electron microscope
Tiny organ
Organelle
Boundary that controls what enters and leaves the cell
Plasma membrane
Allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out
Selectively permeable
Has two layers of phospholipids
Phospholipid bilayer
Embedded in the plasma membrane which help move substances and waste into and out of the cell
Transport proteins
The semi fluid material inside the plasma membrane that contains the organelles
Cytoplasm
A frame work for the cells that holds the organelles together within the cell
Cytoskeleton
The organelles that produce protein
Ribosomes
The area within the nucleus that produces protein
Nucleolus
A membrane system that serves to synthesize proteins and lipids
Endoplasmic reticulum
Has ribosomes, makes protein
Rough ER
Does not have ribosomes and makes lipids
Smooth ER
Acts like a post office and is a flattened stack of membranes that packages proteins into tinier sacs called vesicles
Golgi body
Small sac that acts like a mailman, it carriers proteins and lipids out of the cell
Vesicle
Vesicle that acts like recycler, it breaks down old organelles and proteins then releases the material to be re made
Lysosomes
Small microtubules that help the cells divide when a cell undergoes mitosis
Centrioles
The powerhouse of the cell, it breaks down the sugars into energy
Mitochondria
Plant cells that take in sunlight to produce chemical energy called photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
Thick, ridgid structure around the plants cells membrane that protects the cell
Cell wall
Found in both plants and animals, but in plants the organelle is swollen for storing water, enzymes, and food
Vacuole
Short hair like structure that provides motion for cells
Cilia
Longer and less numerous than cilia, but serve the same purpose, they help the cell move
Flagella
Cells with free floating proteins and DNA
Prokaryotic cells
A tail like structure for movement
Flagellum
A ridging structure of carbohydrate that form a protective boarder
Cell walls
A gel like fluid which holds the cell together
Cytoplasm
Genetic material
DNA
Structures that produce proteins
Ribosomes
A barrier surrounding the cell made of lipids
Plasma membrane
Small circular rings of DNA used to replicate and store prokaryotes information
Plasmids
Have the purpose of addherring the bacteria to surfaces to keep them in place
Capsules
Made of 70% water, dissolved sugars, fats, amino acids, and minerals
Cytosol
Made of water
Agueous solution
Smallest functional and structural units of life, being composed of mini organs which we call organelles
Cells
Groups of cells that join together to form complex shapes and fulfil the same purpose
Tissues
Made of different tissues, but the tissues join together to perform more complex tasks
Organs
Collaboration of multiple organs with different functions that work together to perform larger tasks
Organ system
Anything that meets the 7 characteristics of life
Organism
Organisms that form due to the symbiotic relationship between algae
Lichens
What jobs do the tissues have
Muscle-moves
Connective-connects tissues
Nervous-sends signals
Epithelial-protects organs
The movement of materials into and out of the cell
Cellular transport
Selectively permeable, which means it allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out
Plasma membrane
Has two layers of phospholipids
Phospholipid bilayer
The phospholipid bilayer structure is made of what
Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
Water loving
Hydrophilic
Water fearing
Hydrophobic
Difference in amount of molecules on either side of the cell, molecules naturally want to move down the what
Concentration gradient
When the amount of particles that enter and exit the cell are equal
Equilibrium
Material move down the concentration gradient
Passive transport
Material move against the concentration gradient
Active transport
Movement of particles across the plasm membrane without the use or energy
Passive transport
Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across the membrane
Diffusion
Transport protein moves a molecule across the plasma membrane without the use of energy
Facilitated diffusion
Passive diffusion of water across a membrane
Osmosis
Equal amounts of salt both inside and outside of the cell, water will move equally into and out of the cell
Isotonic solution
More salts outside of the cell than inside causing the water to exit the cell
Hypertonic solution
There is more salt inside of the cell, as water rushes into the cell, the cell begins to swell and it eventually pops
Hypotonic solution
Transport proteins use energy to move molecules through the cell membrane
Active transport
Move molecules through the membrane
Transport proteins
When the cell envelopes molecules, transferring them to the inside of the cell
Endocytosis
The cell releases molecules from inside the cell to the outside, this process uses vesicles
Exosytosis
Known as cell drinking because the cell engulfs water and absorbs it into the cell
Pinocytosis
Engulfing and consumption of other cells
Phagocytosis
What kind of molecules do you want to move for the cell
Unhealthy
Plant cells are able to capture sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water in order to create sugars
Photosynthesis
Where does photosynthesis occur
Chloroplast
Process by which sugars are converted to chemical energy in the mitochondria
Cellular respiration
An energy storage molecule which acts like a currency for the cell
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Process by which a cell takes in chemicals, without the use of oxygen, and with heat in order to synthisize sugar
Chemosynthesis
Process by which cells get energy from sugars without oxygen
Fermentation
Steps of photosynthesis
1.light excites electrons
2.electrons produce NAD+ which is a energy storage molecule
3. NAD+ gets converted to ATP
4.ATP is used to make glucose which is what we eat
Plant cells are able to capture sunlight, carbon dioxide, and waters in order to create sugars
Photosynthesis
Plant cells are able to capture sunlight, carbon dioxide, and waters in order to create sugars
Photosynthesis
The equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration
What do chloroplasts contain which absorbs specific wavelength of light
Chlorophyll
Acts like a mouth which open and close to release liquids and gases
Stomata
Process by which a cell takes in glucose and oxygen to create energy using a mitochondria
Cellular respiration
The cells spends two atp in order break sugars down into smaller pieces in order to move them into the mitochondria
Glycolysis
Continuous loop of converting chemicals into other molecules to fuel a production of energy storage molecules like NAD+
Kerbs cycle
Series of events where molecules pass electrons along to create more ATP
Electron transport chain (produces 32 ATP)
The electron transport chain, occurs within the folds of the membrane
Cristae
What is the net total of cellular respiration
36
-2:break down glucose into smaller pieces
+4:glycolysis
+2:Kerbs cycle
+32:electron transport chain
The first phase of the cell cycle and is the phase that 90% of your cells are now
Interphase
The cell grows in size creating more organelles, the cell synthesizes more DNA, the cell groups like DNA together
Interphase
Duplicate the amount of organelles it has, grow in size so that it can split equally, prepare DNA for replication
G1
The cell replicates its DNA
S phase
Makes final preparations like ensuring the cell has all of the necessary organelles, synthesizes more proteins to aid in division
G2 phase
The division of the nucleus into two seperate nuclei
Mitosis
What is the final stage of the cell cycle
Cytokinesis
The cell pinches in the middle, separating the cell into two daughter cells
Cytokinesis
As a prokaryote will split from one cell to another
Binary fission
The first cell of new life
Zygote
The nucleus divides into two identical nuclei
Mitosis
When undergoing mitosis the cell undergoes what four major stages
1.prophase
2.metaphase
3.anaphase
4.telophase
The longest phase of mitosis
Prophase
During prophase
The nuclear membrane disintegrates, the nucleolus disappears, DNA begins to condense into chromosomes, spindles begin to form at the poles of the cell
Condensed DNA and proteins
Chromosomes
Point where the chromosomes attach
Centromere
Chromosomes align along the center of the cell, spindle fibers attach to the centromers of the chromosomes
Metaphase
Spindle fibers shorten tearing the pairs of chromosomes apart into seperate groups of 46
Anaphase
Chromosomes reach opposite sides of the cell, nucleus and nucleolus start to reform, chromosomes
Telophase
Cell with the ability to become any type of cell within the body
Stem cell
Process by which cells divide in order to reduce the number of chromosomes
Meiosis
Sex cells, in humans there is a sperm cell and an egg cell
Gametes
These cells have half the number of chromosomes than normal
Haploid
Will line up together in order to be separated again
Homologous chromosomes
Homologous like chromosomes exchange information by crossing over some genes, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindles form
Prophase 1
Homologous chromosomes line up at the equator, spindle fibers attach to the centromers of the chromosome
Metaphase 1
Homologous chromosomes seperate and move to opposite ends of the cell
Anaphase 1
The spindles break down, the chromosomes uncoil and form two nuclei, the cell divides
Telophase 1
Chromosomes condense, spindles form in each of the new cells
Prophase 2
Centromeres of chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, spindles attach to centromeres
Metaphase 2
Centromeres split, sister chromatids sperate and move to opposite poles
Anaphase 2
Four nuclei form around chromosomes, spindles break down, cells divide
Telophase 2
A zygote is a what cell, that contains the normal amount of chromosomes, Zn
Diploid cell
