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Biology 30 > Unit B- Reproduction and Development > Flashcards

Unit B- Reproduction and Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Cowper’s gland

A

Protects against acid in urethra and increases moblitily

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2
Q

Urethra

A

Duct carrying both semen and urine through penis

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3
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A

Site of sperm production within he testes (process called spermatogenesis)

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4
Q

Sperm cells

A

Male haploid gamete

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5
Q

Head of Sperm

A

Contains the Acrosome enzymes needed to penetrate protective layer surrounding female egg

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6
Q

Fallopian Tube

A

-Carries ovum to Uterus
-FERTILIZATION occurs here

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7
Q

FSH (in females)

A

In the ovary-acts on primary follicles to develop into secondary follicle (which containing ovum/egg

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8
Q

LH (In females)

A

Promotes formation of corpus lutetium within ovary, producing progesterone

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9
Q

Blastocyst

A

Contains an inner cell mass that will develop into the embryo

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10
Q

Amniotic Cavity

A

Closed sac between the embryo and the amnion

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11
Q

Differentiation

A

Cellular process that enables a cell to develop a particular shape and to perform specific functions that are different from the functions of other cells.

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12
Q

Ectoderm

A

Skin, Lining of mouth/nose, brain, spinal cord, nerves, hair and nails

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13
Q

Mesoderm

A

Muscle, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, outer layer of digestive and repiratory tracts, circulatory system

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14
Q

Endoderm

A

Liver, Pancreas, inner layer of digestive, respiratory tracts

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15
Q

Chorion

A

Site of nutrient, gas and waste diffusion to mother’s circulatory system to the developing baby

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16
Q

Amnion

A

Fluid filled sac, which protects the embryo from trauma and temperature flcturations allows freedom and movement, and prevents limbs from sticking to the body

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17
Q

Allantois

A

Forms the foundation for the imbilical cord.

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18
Q

Yolk sac

A

forms the digestive tract and produces the first blood cells and future egg or sperm cells.

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19
Q

Placenta

A

structure provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby and removes waste products from the baby’s blood

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20
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Site of exchange of oxygen-rich blood between fetus and mother

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21
Q

1st Trimester

A

-Development of germ layers, extra-embryonic structures and nervous system

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22
Q

2nd Trimester

A

-Organs form, cartilage “Skeleton” replaced by bones
-Placenta begins to secrete estrogen and progesterone
-Heart beat is strong

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23
Q

3rd Trimester

A

Fetus grows rapidly
-Organ systems increase in size

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24
Q

Teratogens

A

Refers to any agent that causes a structual abnormality due to exposure during pregnancy. (I.e. Cigarette smoke, alcohol)

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25
Q

Parturition

A

Act of giving birth and the events associated with pasturition are commonly referred to as Labour.

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26
Q

Lacation

A

secretion and formation of breast milk in the mother.

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27
Q

Artificial Insemination (AI)

A

Sperm are collected and concentrated before being placed in the women’s vagina

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28
Q

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A

Possible solution for women with blocked oviducts. Fertilization occurs outside the body and the developing embryo is later placed in the uterus.

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29
Q

Interstitial cells

A

Lies between seminiferous tubules
Produce testosterone. Influenced by LH from the pituitary

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30
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Secrete Chemicals required for the nourishment and development of sperm cells
-Responsible for spermatogenesis

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31
Q

Acrosome

A

Contains an enzyme to penetrate layers surrounding the ovum

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32
Q

Scrotum

A

Sac holding testes outside body

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33
Q

Epididymis

A

Duct located above seminiferous tubules
-Storage and maturation of sperm

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34
Q

Vas Deferens

A

Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
-Tubes connected (leads) to ejaculatory duct

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35
Q

Ejaculatory Duct

A

Regulates the movement of semen into the urethra

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36
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Produce mucus-like fluid containing sugar fructose which provides energy for sperm.

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37
Q

Prostate gland

A

Alkaline buffer and mucus that protects sperm against acidic environments in the urethra and vagina

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38
Q

Testes

A

Produces sperm and sex hormones
Site of production of male gametes (sperm) and sex hormones (testosteone)

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39
Q

Testosterone

A

Influences development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics in males

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40
Q

Ovaries

A

Site of oogenesis and release of estrogen and progesterone

41
Q

Penis

A

Carries semen into the female reproductive tract.

42
Q

Secondary sex characters

A

Associated with male/female traits (i.e. facial hair, wide hips)

43
Q

Body of Sperm

A

Contains mitochondria, which provides energy for movement of tail

44
Q

Tail of Serm

A

Also known as flagellum propels sperm in lashing motion

45
Q

Uterus

A

Holds and nourishes developing fetus

46
Q

Cervix

A

Muscular band separating vagina from uterus
(Holds fetus in place)

47
Q

Vagina

A

Connects uterus with outer environment
-Sexual intercourse occurs here

48
Q

Menstrual Cycle

A

28-day pattern that prepares the uterus for pregnancy

49
Q

Fertilization

A

union of egg and sperm to create a diploid zygote

50
Q

Gastrulation

A

The process of forming the three germ layers: Endoderm, Ectoderm and Mesoderm.

51
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics?

A

primary = direct role in reproduction (gonads)
secondary = features that distinguish the two sexes; develop at puberty

52
Q

What is the function of the Seminal vesicles?

A

produce Sugar which nourishes sperm & increases motility; produces prostaglandins which stimulate uterine contractions (aids the movement of sperm cells)

53
Q

What is the function of the Cowper’s gland?

A

produces basic mucus that Cleans the urethra of acidic urine

54
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

implantation of zygote in the endometrium

55
Q

Describe the flow phase of the menstrual cycle.

A

if pregnancy did not occur, corpus luteum degenerates; secretions of estrogen & progesterone decrease; causes uterine contractions and shedding of endometrium

56
Q

Describe the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

A

follicles within ovary develop in response to FSH; secretes estrogen which initiates development of endometrium.

57
Q

Describe the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle.

A

DAY 14: the egg ruptures from follicle into fallopian tube in response to LH; remaining follicular cells develop into corpus luteum

58
Q

Describe the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.

A

corpus luteum produces estrogen (thickens endometrium) and progesterone (prevents contractions)

59
Q

What kind of feedback does estrogen have on FSH?

A

negative; inhibits production

60
Q

What kind of feedback does estrogen have on LH?

A

positive; increases production

61
Q

What kind of feedback does progesterone have on LH?

A

negative; inhibits production

62
Q

What two hormones are typically found in a birth control pill?

A

estrogen and progesterone

63
Q

What kinds of twins are produced from the release and fertilization of two separate eggs?

A

fraternal (dizygotic) twins

64
Q

What happens to the zygote shortly after fertilization?

A

cleavage; a series of cell divisions without growth

65
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

zygote forms a hollow ball; inner cells form embryo; outer cells form extra embryonic membranes

66
Q

What is the term for the period from implantation to parturition?

A

gestation

67
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

blastocyst develops into a three layered disc called a gastrula

68
Q

Name the three layers of the gastrula

A

outer layer = ectoderm = skin, nervous system
middle layer = mesoderm = skeleton, muscles, reproductive structures
inner layer = endoderm = linings of digestive and respiratory tracts, endocrine glands

69
Q

What is the function of the chorion?

A

embryonic portion of the placenta; secretes hCG; maintains corpus luteum

70
Q

What is the function of the amnion?

A

filled with amniotic fluid; prevents shock to embryo; regulates body temperature, prevents infection, allows movement

71
Q

What is the function of the yolk sac?

A

no nutritive purpose in humans; site of early RBC formation

72
Q

Describe what happens to levels of hormones during parturition.

A

estrogen/progesterone levels decrease; levels of prostaglandins/relaxin/oxytocin increase

73
Q

What produces relaxin? What is it’s purpose?

A

produced by placenta; causes relaxation of pelvic ligaments & widening of birth canal

74
Q

What is the process of creating a zygote called? How many chromosomes does it have?

A

fertilization; 46 chromosomes

75
Q

What kinds of sex chromosomes can a sperm contribute? An egg?

A

sperm = X or Y
egg = only X

76
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

highly elastic skin; holds testes outside of body for optimal sperm production

77
Q

What is the function of the seminiferous tubules? Where are they found?

A

produce sperm in response to FSH; found in testes

78
Q

What is the function of the interstitial cells? Where are they found?

A

produce testosterone in response to LH; found in testes (between sem. tubules)

79
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

site of sperm maturation and storage

80
Q

What is the function of the vas deferens?

A

tubes; carry sperm from epididymis to urethra; cut and tied during a vasectomy

81
Q

What is the function of the ejactulatory duct?

A

regulates release of sperm into urethra

82
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

produces basic mucus to protect sperm from acidity of vagina

83
Q

What is the composition of semen?

A

sperm, sugar (fructose), basic mucus, prostaglandins

84
Q

Name the glands that contribute to the composition of semen.

A

testes, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Cowper’s gland

85
Q

Which gland contributes a cellular component of semen?

A

only the testes

86
Q

What is spermatogenesis? What are the products?

A

production of sperm in response to FSH; meiosis that occurs in the sem. tubules; produces four equal sized daughter cells

87
Q

What is the function of the Sertoli cells?

A

nourish/protect the sperm; have FSH receptors; make inhibin (prevents spermatogenesis during childhood) not curricular

88
Q

Name the three parts of sperm and their functions.

A

head = contains acrosome with digestive enzymes to help penetrate the egg & 23 chromosomes
midpiece = contain mitochondria to power the flagellum
tail = aka flagellum; moves sperm

89
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

produces an egg within the follicles in response to FSH; site of ovulation in response to LH

90
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tubes?

A

carry ovum towards uterus; normal site of fertilization; cut & tied during tubal ligation

91
Q

What is the function of the cervix?

A

muscular ring; hold developing fetus in uterus; dilates during birth

92
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A

muscular, elastic canal; used for intercourse, birth and menstruation

93
Q

What is oogenesis? What are the products?

A

production of eggs in response to FSH; asymmetrical form of meiosis; starts within follicles; produces 4 unequal daughter cells (1 useable gamete and 3 polar bodies)

94
Q

What is ovulation?

A

release of egg from follicles in response to LH on approx. day 14 of menstrual cycle

95
Q

What are the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Flow, follicular, ovulatory, luteal

96
Q

What kinds of twins are produced from the release and fertilization of one egg that splits into two cell masses?

A

identical (monozygotic) twins

97
Q

What is the function of the placenta?

A

site of gas, nutrient, mineral, hormone, antibody, waste exchange; produces hormones (estrogen, progesterone, hCG and relaxin); acts as barrier to most except teratogenic agents

98
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins and oxytocin during parturition?

A

cause uterine contractions

99
Q

What are the two hormones that participate in lactation?

A

prolactin = produces milk
oxytocin = releases milk

Biology 30 (2 decks)

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