Unit B- Reproduction and Development Flashcards
1
Q
Cowper’s gland
A
Protects against acid in urethra and increases moblitily
2
Q
Urethra
A
Duct carrying both semen and urine through penis
3
Q
Seminiferous Tubules
A
Site of sperm production within he testes (process called spermatogenesis)
4
Q
Sperm cells
A
Male haploid gamete
5
Q
Head of Sperm
A
Contains the Acrosome enzymes needed to penetrate protective layer surrounding female egg
6
Q
Fallopian Tube
A
-Carries ovum to Uterus
-FERTILIZATION occurs here
7
Q
FSH (in females)
A
In the ovary-acts on primary follicles to develop into secondary follicle (which containing ovum/egg
8
Q
LH (In females)
A
Promotes formation of corpus lutetium within ovary, producing progesterone
9
Q
Blastocyst
A
Contains an inner cell mass that will develop into the embryo
10
Q
Amniotic Cavity
A
Closed sac between the embryo and the amnion
11
Q
Differentiation
A
Cellular process that enables a cell to develop a particular shape and to perform specific functions that are different from the functions of other cells.
12
Q
Ectoderm
A
Skin, Lining of mouth/nose, brain, spinal cord, nerves, hair and nails
13
Q
Mesoderm
A
Muscle, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, outer layer of digestive and repiratory tracts, circulatory system
14
Q
Endoderm
A
Liver, Pancreas, inner layer of digestive, respiratory tracts
15
Q
Chorion
A
Site of nutrient, gas and waste diffusion to mother’s circulatory system to the developing baby
16
Q
Amnion
A
Fluid filled sac, which protects the embryo from trauma and temperature flcturations allows freedom and movement, and prevents limbs from sticking to the body
17
Q
Allantois
A
Forms the foundation for the imbilical cord.
18
Q
Yolk sac
A
forms the digestive tract and produces the first blood cells and future egg or sperm cells.
19
Q
Placenta
A
structure provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby and removes waste products from the baby’s blood
20
Q
Umbilical cord
A
Site of exchange of oxygen-rich blood between fetus and mother
21
Q
1st Trimester
A
-Development of germ layers, extra-embryonic structures and nervous system
22
Q
2nd Trimester
A
-Organs form, cartilage “Skeleton” replaced by bones
-Placenta begins to secrete estrogen and progesterone
-Heart beat is strong
23
Q
3rd Trimester
A
Fetus grows rapidly
-Organ systems increase in size
24
Q
Teratogens
A
Refers to any agent that causes a structual abnormality due to exposure during pregnancy. (I.e. Cigarette smoke, alcohol)
25
Parturition
Act of giving birth and the events associated with pasturition are commonly referred to as Labour.
26
Lacation
secretion and formation of breast milk in the mother.
27
Artificial Insemination (AI)
Sperm are collected and concentrated before being placed in the women's vagina
28
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Possible solution for women with blocked oviducts. Fertilization occurs outside the body and the developing embryo is later placed in the uterus.
29
Interstitial cells
Lies between seminiferous tubules
Produce testosterone. Influenced by LH from the pituitary
30
Sertoli cells
Secrete Chemicals required for the nourishment and development of sperm cells
-Responsible for spermatogenesis
31
Acrosome
Contains an enzyme to penetrate layers surrounding the ovum
32
Scrotum
Sac holding testes outside body
33
Epididymis
Duct located above seminiferous tubules
-Storage and maturation of sperm
34
Vas Deferens
Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
-Tubes connected (leads) to ejaculatory duct
35
Ejaculatory Duct
Regulates the movement of semen into the urethra
36
Seminal vesicles
Produce mucus-like fluid containing sugar fructose which provides energy for sperm.
37
Prostate gland
Alkaline buffer and mucus that protects sperm against acidic environments in the urethra and vagina
38
Testes
Produces sperm and sex hormones
Site of production of male gametes (sperm) and sex hormones (testosteone)
39
Testosterone
Influences development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics in males
40
Ovaries
Site of oogenesis and release of estrogen and progesterone
41
Penis
Carries semen into the female reproductive tract.
42
Secondary sex characters
Associated with male/female traits (i.e. facial hair, wide hips)
43
Body of Sperm
Contains mitochondria, which provides energy for movement of tail
44
Tail of Serm
Also known as flagellum propels sperm in lashing motion
45
Uterus
Holds and nourishes developing fetus
46
Cervix
Muscular band separating vagina from uterus
(Holds fetus in place)
47
Vagina
Connects uterus with outer environment
-Sexual intercourse occurs here
48
Menstrual Cycle
28-day pattern that prepares the uterus for pregnancy
49
Fertilization
union of egg and sperm to create a diploid zygote
50
Gastrulation
The process of forming the three germ layers: Endoderm, Ectoderm and Mesoderm.
51
What is the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics?
primary = direct role in reproduction (gonads)
secondary = features that distinguish the two sexes; develop at puberty
52
What is the function of the Seminal vesicles?
produce Sugar which nourishes sperm & increases motility; produces prostaglandins which stimulate uterine contractions (aids the movement of sperm cells)
53
What is the function of the Cowper's gland?
produces basic mucus that Cleans the urethra of acidic urine
54
What is the function of the uterus?
implantation of zygote in the endometrium
55
Describe the flow phase of the menstrual cycle.
if pregnancy did not occur, corpus luteum degenerates; secretions of estrogen & progesterone decrease; causes uterine contractions and shedding of endometrium
56
Describe the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.
follicles within ovary develop in response to FSH; secretes estrogen which initiates development of endometrium.
57
Describe the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle.
DAY 14: the egg ruptures from follicle into fallopian tube in response to LH; remaining follicular cells develop into corpus luteum
58
Describe the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
corpus luteum produces estrogen (thickens endometrium) and progesterone (prevents contractions)
59
What kind of feedback does estrogen have on FSH?
negative; inhibits production
60
What kind of feedback does estrogen have on LH?
positive; increases production
61
What kind of feedback does progesterone have on LH?
negative; inhibits production
62
What two hormones are typically found in a birth control pill?
estrogen and progesterone
63
What kinds of twins are produced from the release and fertilization of two separate eggs?
fraternal (dizygotic) twins
64
What happens to the zygote shortly after fertilization?
cleavage; a series of cell divisions without growth
65
What is a blastocyst?
zygote forms a hollow ball; inner cells form embryo; outer cells form extra embryonic membranes
66
What is the term for the period from implantation to parturition?
gestation
67
What is gastrulation?
blastocyst develops into a three layered disc called a gastrula
68
Name the three layers of the gastrula
outer layer = ectoderm = skin, nervous system
middle layer = mesoderm = skeleton, muscles, reproductive structures
inner layer = endoderm = linings of digestive and respiratory tracts, endocrine glands
69
What is the function of the chorion?
embryonic portion of the placenta; secretes hCG; maintains corpus luteum
70
What is the function of the amnion?
filled with amniotic fluid; prevents shock to embryo; regulates body temperature, prevents infection, allows movement
71
What is the function of the yolk sac?
no nutritive purpose in humans; site of early RBC formation
72
Describe what happens to levels of hormones during parturition.
estrogen/progesterone levels decrease; levels of prostaglandins/relaxin/oxytocin increase
73
What produces relaxin? What is it's purpose?
produced by placenta; causes relaxation of pelvic ligaments & widening of birth canal
74
What is the process of creating a zygote called? How many chromosomes does it have?
fertilization; 46 chromosomes
75
What kinds of sex chromosomes can a sperm contribute? An egg?
sperm = X or Y
egg = only X
76
What is the function of the scrotum?
highly elastic skin; holds testes outside of body for optimal sperm production
77
What is the function of the seminiferous tubules? Where are they found?
produce sperm in response to FSH; found in testes
78
What is the function of the interstitial cells? Where are they found?
produce testosterone in response to LH; found in testes (between sem. tubules)
79
What is the function of the epididymis?
site of sperm maturation and storage
80
What is the function of the vas deferens?
tubes; carry sperm from epididymis to urethra; cut and tied during a vasectomy
81
What is the function of the ejactulatory duct?
regulates release of sperm into urethra
82
What is the function of the prostate gland?
produces basic mucus to protect sperm from acidity of vagina
83
What is the composition of semen?
sperm, sugar (fructose), basic mucus, prostaglandins
84
Name the glands that contribute to the composition of semen.
testes, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Cowper's gland
85
Which gland contributes a cellular component of semen?
only the testes
86
What is spermatogenesis? What are the products?
production of sperm in response to FSH; meiosis that occurs in the sem. tubules; produces four equal sized daughter cells
87
What is the function of the Sertoli cells?
nourish/protect the sperm; have FSH receptors; make inhibin (prevents spermatogenesis during childhood) not curricular
88
Name the three parts of sperm and their functions.
head = contains acrosome with digestive enzymes to help penetrate the egg & 23 chromosomes
midpiece = contain mitochondria to power the flagellum
tail = aka flagellum; moves sperm
89
What is the function of the ovaries?
produces an egg within the follicles in response to FSH; site of ovulation in response to LH
90
What is the function of the fallopian tubes?
carry ovum towards uterus; normal site of fertilization; cut & tied during tubal ligation
91
What is the function of the cervix?
muscular ring; hold developing fetus in uterus; dilates during birth
92
What is the function of the vagina?
muscular, elastic canal; used for intercourse, birth and menstruation
93
What is oogenesis? What are the products?
production of eggs in response to FSH; asymmetrical form of meiosis; starts within follicles; produces 4 unequal daughter cells (1 useable gamete and 3 polar bodies)
94
What is ovulation?
release of egg from follicles in response to LH on approx. day 14 of menstrual cycle
95
What are the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle?
Flow, follicular, ovulatory, luteal
96
What kinds of twins are produced from the release and fertilization of one egg that splits into two cell masses?
identical (monozygotic) twins
97
What is the function of the placenta?
site of gas, nutrient, mineral, hormone, antibody, waste exchange; produces hormones (estrogen, progesterone, hCG and relaxin); acts as barrier to most except teratogenic agents
98
What is the function of prostaglandins and oxytocin during parturition?
cause uterine contractions
99
What are the two hormones that participate in lactation?
prolactin = produces milk
oxytocin = releases milk
