Unit B Kendra and Hope Flashcards
What is an ecotone
Transition areas; contains species from board earring ecosystems. Contains a greater diversity
What is an ecological niche.?
An organisms goal in an ecosystem. Example place in the food web, habitat, and breeding area
What is muskeg
Ground that is swampy or boggy when wet and has a layer of permafrost
Name the three zones of a lake
Littoral zone, limnetic zone, profundal zone
What are the factors affecting terrestrial ecosystems
Soil, available water, temperature, and sunlight
What are the factors affecting aquatic ecosystems
Chemical environment, temperature and sunlight, water pressure, and seasonal variations
What are the limits on populations and communities in ecosystems
Biotic potential, limiting factors, carrying capacity, and limits of tolerance
What are the four types of biotic potential
Birth potential, capacity for survival, breeding frequency, length of productive life
What is carrying capacity
Maximum number of individuals that an ecosystem can support
What are the limits of tolerance
Law of minimum, law of tolerance, density independent factors, density dependent factors
What are three forestry practices
Slash and burn, clear cutting, and selective cutting
What is oligotrophic
Deep, cold lakes that have low nutrient levels
What is eutrophic
Shallow, warm lakes that have an excellent supply of nutrients
What are five different types of water pollution
Organic solid waste(sewage), disease causing organisms(from sewage), inorganic solids and dissolved minerals (fertilizers), thermal energy (electricity generating plants) , organic compounds (oil from roads)
What are three indicators of water quality
Bacteria, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand
What is phylogeny
The history of the evolution of a species or group of organisms.
What are 6 examples of indirect evidence for evolution
Fossil record, geographic distribution of species, comparative anatomy and embryology, behaviour, plant and animal breeding, biochemistry and genetics
what is radioactive dating
a technique used to determine the age of a rock or fossil
what is biogeography
the study of the geographic distribution of the life on earth
what is an endemic
a term used to describe a species that is found in one location only
what are three examples that are evidence from anatomy that support evolution
- homologous features(features with similar structures but different functions) and analogous features (same structures with different functions but different evolutionary origin)
- embryonic development (human embryos have a tail and gill slits, similar to embryos in chicken and fish)
- vestigial features (may have once served a useful function in an ancient ancestor)
what six main scientists made contributions to the theory of evolution and what was their contribution
Buffon- species could change overtime and these changes could lead to new species
Linnaeus- the few species at creation had become hybrids, which had then formed new species
Erasmus Darwin- all life developed from a single source
Lamark- pass on acquired traits, if traits were unused then they were lost, thought that organisms could become more complex if they wanted
Wallace- reached the same conclusions as Darwin
Charles Darwin- unused traits are still passed on, adaptation triggered by environment, only inherited traits are passed on
what are the three types of mutations
- loss of entire section of DNA
- duplication of an entire section of DNA
- changes to DNA sequence
what are the three effects of mutations
- neutral mutation- no effect on organism
- harmful mutation- reduces an organisms reproductive success
- beneficial mutation- enhances an organisms reproductive success
what are asexual and sexual reproduction
asexual- no variation, offspring receive an identical copy of parent’s DNA
sexual- great amount of inherited variability, assortment of genes inherited from each parent is randomly determined
what is speciation
the formation of a new species
what is allopatric speciation and what are its three steps
speciation by reproductive isolation
- species is separated by a physical barrier
- populations evolve independently
- physical/behavioural differences between the two groups become so different that they would not be able to breed with the original species
what is the theory of gradualism
the idea that speciation takes place slowly
what is the theory of punctuated equilibrium
the idea that species will evolve rapidly followed by a period of little or no change
what is divergent evolution
species evolve rapidly into many different species
