Unit B: Evolution in Action

Question 1

Species

Answer 1

• organisms that can breed with one another and produce fertile offspring
• single organisms within an ecosystem

Question 2

Population

Answer 2

a group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area at the same time

Question 3

Community

Answer 3

• an interacting group of populations of different species within a given area.
• Example: a community of organisms in the lake
• Interactions affecting an ecosystem’s community include competition between individuals of the same species in different populations and relationships between predator and prey populations.

Question 4

Ecosystem

Answer 4

a community/area of living organisms and nonliving components of their environment

Question 5

Biosphere

Answer 5

• contains all ecosystems in the world and their interactions → largest possible ecosystem including all parts of Earth that are inhabitable by some type of life
• All organisms that inhabit these environments, abiotic and biotic, are part of the biosphere.
• Each species has its own “place” in the biosphere.

Question 6

Environment

Answer 6

refers to everything that affects organisms throughout their lives and everything the organism affects.

Question 7

Ecologists

Answer 7

scientists who study the interactions of organisms with one another and their environment (focus on a specific level of an environment) → ranges from the smallest component to a more inclusive and complex picture

Question 8

Terrestrial factors that predict diversity

Answer 8

• The further away an area is from the equator, the less amount of diversity that area will have
• An exception to this concept is the Sahara Desert, which, despite its proximity to the equator, exhibits minimal diversity due to its desert environment.

Question 9

Aquatic factors which predict diversity

Answer 9

Vertical Stratification: The deeper you go, the less diversity you will generally find

Question 10

Biotic limiting factors

Answer 10

living organisms that are found in the environment
Animals, plants, competition for resources, predation, parasites
Examples: increased predation, increased competition, increased habitat loss, increased parasitism

Question 11

Abiotic limiting factors

Answer 11

components of the environment → these conditions affect the distribution and size of organisms in their populations.
Examples: Sunlight, minerals, water, temp, oxygen

Question 12

An environment includes ______________ components

Answer 12

Abiotic and Biotic

Question 13

The study of an individual organism includes the effect of_______

Answer 13

abiotic elements or their environment on physical features or behaviour.

Question 14

The study of population includes____

Answer 14

all the members of the same species living in a specific area and their interactions with and the effects of the abiotic elements of the environment.

Question 15

The study of community includes__________

Answer 15

all individuals of all interacting populations in a specific area, and the effects of the abiotic elements of the environment.

Question 16

The study of an ecosystem includes _______

Answer 16

all biotic and abiotic elements and their interactions.

Question 17

Most communities change over time because _______

Answer 17

the abiotic elements change over time. Changing abiotic elements affect organisms and their interactions on all levels.

Question 18

taxonomy

Answer 18

The practice of classifying living things based on their evolutionary history and characteristics.

Question 19

The six kingdoms of life

Answer 19

1. Archaea
2. Bacteria
3. Protista
4. Fungi
5. Plantae
6. Animalia

Question 20

Domain definition

Answer 20

level of classification above kingdoms (3 levels of classification) based on the cellular composition of organisms

Question 21

3 Domains of Life

Answer 21

1. Eukarya
2. Bacteria
3. Archaea

Question 22

Eukarya:

Answer 22

unicellular to multicellular (membrane-bound organisms that make up the diversity of life on Earth)

Question 23

Bacteria

Answer 23

prokaryote, unicellular → lack membrane-bound nucleus - reproduce asexually

Question 24

Archaea

Answer 24

prokaryote, unicellular → lack membrane-bound nucleus, reproduce asexually

Question 25

the hierarchy explanation

Answer 25

subdivided each kingdom into smaller and smaller groups of more and more similar organisms by using physical characteristics to describe them

Question 26

Hierarchy Pyramid Names (Group)

Answer 26

Domain (Eukarya) Kingdom (Animalia) Phylum (Chordata) Class (Mammalia) Order (Carnivora) Family (Felidae) Genus (Lynx) Species (Rufus)

Question 27

Binomial nomenclature

Answer 27

Scientific names of organisms using the language of latin and gives the name based on the classification of the organisms.

Question 28

Dichotomous Keys

Answer 28

Identification keus use observable characteristics to identity organisms. These keys are arranged in steps, with 2 statements at each step

Question 29

How to make a dichotomous key

Answer 29

Making them: When trying to identify an organism, give two choices in the dichotomous key. Always begin by choosing from the first pair of descriptions and then follow through the key from there.

Question 30

Stratification and Structure of a Lake

Answer 30

- Littoral zone: nearshore → where photosynthetically active radiation penetrates to the lake bottom in sufficient quantities to support photosynthesis - Limnetic zone: photosynthetically-active zone of a lake since it is the primary habitat for planktonic species. Heavily responsible for oxygen production within the aquatic ecosystem. (because of dthe ense population of phytoplankton. - Euphotic zone(photic): sunlit area of the ocean’s surface → where sunlight is abundant (phytoplankton carry out photosynthetic processes in this area) - Aphotic zone(profundal): The region of a lake or sea where no light penetrates → contains no algae or phytoplankton, and its inhabitants are exclusively carnivorous animals or organisms that feed on sediment or detritus, all reliant on energy inputs from the euphotic zone. - Pelagic zone: all ocean waters away from the shore (open sea) - Benthic zone: lowest ecological zone in the water body, involving sediments of the sea floor(these sediments are important because they provide the nutrients for organisms) → little sunlight can reach this area

Question 31

Stratification and Structure of a Forest:

Answer 31

- Emergent layer: receives the most sunlight and lots of rain (contains huge trees) → provides a habitat for certain songbirds/wading birds that may nest at these sites or use them as feeding areas - Canopy layer: continuous layer of tree tops that is more sheltered (location of fruit year-round) → about 80% of the sun’s energy is absorbed in this area of the forest - Understory layer: an underlying layer of vegetation → influencing stand development, fire behavior, and providing habitats for various wildlife species. - Forest floor: mediates between the above layer portion of the forest and the underground layer containing other organisms, the roots of the plants, the mineral soil and dead decaying matter.

Question 32

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 32

a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor. (what we made in class) - shows distance from each other

Question 33

The four kingdoms within the domain of Eukarya are

Answer 33

Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae

Question 34

Cladyogram

Answer 34

a diagram that shows relationships between species. These relationships are based on observable physical characteristics. Cladograms show the relationships in a graphic that looks like a tree, with branches connected to a common ancestry. - shows common characteristics

Question 35

Difference between a Cladyogram and a Phylogenetic tree

Answer 35

a phylogenetic tree shows evolutionary and genetic distance, while a cladogram displays related characteristics.

Question 36

Which domain contains multicellular organisms?

Answer 36

Eukarya

Question 37

What domain are humans found in?

Answer 37

Eukarya

Question 38

In a binomial nomenclature, is the genus or species capitalized?

Answer 38

Genus is capitalized, species is not

Question 39

Dichotomy

Answer 39

A comparison where that forces the user to choose one option or the other (not both)

Question 40

Limiting Factors determine_____

Answer 40

The size and distribution of populations

Question 41

A Biome is a _____

Answer 41

naturally occurring community occupying a major habitat

Question 42

A community with all of the abiotic factors (rocks, soil, water etc.) is called an

Answer 42

ecosystem

Question 43

A population of squirrels, a population of crows, and populations of different species of plants within the same area would be called a

Answer 43

community

Question 44

A group of squirrels within a specific area would be called a

Answer 44

population