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Bio 30 > Unit B: Cell Division > Flashcards

Unit B: Cell Division Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A
  • Mitosis

- Meiosis

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2
Q

What cells does mitosis occur in?

A

All cells (somatic cells)

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3
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

2 identical daughter cells (diploid)

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4
Q

What do diploid cells have?

A

Full genetic material (2n)

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5
Q

Mitosis is used for the ? or ? of cells

A

Growth or replacement

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6
Q

What type of reproduction is mitosis used in?

A

Asexual

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7
Q

What type of cells does meiosis occur in?

A

Only in sex cells (germ cells)

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8
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

4 non-identical gametes (sex cells) (haploid)

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9
Q

What do haploid cells have?

A

Half genetic material (n)

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10
Q

What type of reproduction is meiosis used in?

A

Sexual

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11
Q

How much time do cells spend dividing?

A

10%

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12
Q

How much time do cells spend in interphase (prep)?

A

90%

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13
Q

What is the first step/phase of interphase?

A

G1 (gap phase)

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14
Q

What happens during G1?

A

The cell manufactures proteins and amino acids needed for both cell processes and cell division, carries out metabolic duties

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15
Q

What is the second step/phase of interphase?

A

S phase (synthesis phase)

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16
Q

What happens during S phase?

A

DNA replicates

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17
Q

Why is S phase the longest stage of the cell cycle?

A

To ensure proper perfect DNA replication for new cell

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18
Q

What is the third step/phase of interphase?

A

G2 (gap phase)

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19
Q

What happens during G2?

A
  • The cell increases the rate of protein synthesis and prepares to divide
  • Grows larger by increasing cytoplasm, making organelles, energy
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20
Q

How many times can a single cell divide on average?

A

50

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21
Q

What do cells do to ensure that cells within a tissue are healthy?

A

Undergo a from of cell suicide called apoptosis

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22
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex long threads made of DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes (long, thin, unorganized)

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23
Q

Uncondensed Chromosome

A

Long, thin strands not visible with light microscope

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24
Q

Condensed Chromosome

A

Short and visible

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25
Q

Chromosome vs Chromatid

A

Chromosomes replicate before division to form 2 matched sister chromatids

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26
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A
  • 46 (diploid) (2n)

- Full set of genetic material

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27
Q

How many chromosomes do sex gametes have?

A
  • 23 (haploid) (n)

- Half set of genetic material

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28
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Same size and shape and carry the genes for the same traits, but have different details

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29
Q

How many homologous chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 (for a total of 46)

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30
Q

Homologous chromosomes in males vs females

A

Males: 22 pairs (1 pair that is not, XY)
Female: 23 pairs

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31
Q

What stage do homologous hormones only occur in?

A

Meiosis 1

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32
Q

What is the basic unit of heredity?

A

Gene

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33
Q

What is a gene?

A

Sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA

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34
Q

A gene codes for a specific?

A

Protein

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35
Q

What are chromosomes that do not influence biological sex?

A
  • Autosomes

- Humans have 22 pairs

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36
Q

What are X and Y chromosomes that determine biological sex in humans?

A
  • Sex chromosomes

- Humans have 1 pair of these located in the 23rd chromosome pair

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37
Q

I-PMAT

A
  • Mitosis

- Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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38
Q

What is the longest phase of cell division?

A

Prophase (prepare)

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39
Q

What happens during early prophase?

A
  • Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes

- Centrioles move to poles and attach to spindle fibres

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40
Q

What happens during late prophase?

A
  • Spindle fibres attach to centromeres

- Nuclear membrane dissolves

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41
Q

What happens during metaphase (middle)?

A

Chromosomes line up on the equatorial plate (centre of the nucleus) (single file)

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42
Q

What happens during anaphase (aggressive)?

A
  • Spindle fibres contract from the centrioles
  • Sister chromatids begin to separate apart
  • Immediately chromosomes begin to unravel
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43
Q

What happens during telophase?

A
  • Nucleolus re-appears, nuclear membrane reforms, the chromosomes unravel to form a loose mass of chromatin
  • Cells undergo cytokinesis (divide cytoplasm)
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44
Q

Most scientists always describe mitosis as starting with ? and ending with ?

A
  • Replicating

- Cytokinesis

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45
Q

What are two methods of asexual reproduction?

A
  • Binary Fission

- Budding

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46
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Equal division of both the organism’s cytoplasm and nucleus to for two identical organisms

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47
Q

What are some examples of organisms that reproduce through binary fission?

A

Protist, amoeba, and bacteria

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48
Q

What is budding?

A

One parent dividing its nucleus (genetic material) equally, but cytoplasm unequally

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49
Q

What are some examples of organisms that reproduce through budding?

A

Fungi, and yeast

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50
Q

When does meiosis occur?

A

Sexual reproduction

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51
Q

Where does meiosis occur in males?

A

Spermatogonium (results in 4 sperms)

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52
Q

Where does meiosis occur in females?

A

Oogonium (results in 4 eggs)

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53
Q

What are two tasks that meiosis I accomplishes?

A
  • Creates genetic variety

- Separate replicated homologous chromosomes

54
Q

What happens during prophase I?

A

Homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis (pair up) and crossing over occurs

55
Q

Similarly to mitosis, what also happens during prophase I?

A

Chromosomes condense, nuclear membranes disappear, and centrioles move to opposite poles

56
Q

What happens during metaphase I?

A

Homologous pairs line up along the equatorial plate (not single file), spindles insert into the centromeres

57
Q

What happens during anaphase I?

A

Homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite poles (segregation) (entire chromosomes split from each other)

58
Q

What are the two reasons for genetic diversity?

A
  • Prophase 1 (crossing over)

- Anaphase 1 (separate)

59
Q

What do organisms undergo in anaphase I?

A

Independent assortment (same as segregation)

60
Q

What happens during telophase I?

A
  • Daughter cells separate (each has one chromosome from each homologous pair)
  • Cytokinesis
61
Q

What happens during telophase 1?

A
  • Daughter cells separate (each has one chromosome from each homologous pair)
  • Cytokinesis
62
Q

How does meiosis I differ from mitosis?

A
  • Meiosis produces 4 unique daughter cells, while mitosis produces 2 identical daughter cells
  • Mitosis occur in all cells, meiosis only occurs in sex cells
  • Mitosis produces cells that are diploid, meiosis produces cells that are haploid
  • Meiosis produces genetically different cells, while mitosis produces genetically identical cells
63
Q

How does meiosis 1 differ from mitosis?

A
  • Meiosis produces 4 unique daughter cells, while mitosis produces 2 identical daughter cells
64
Q

How does meiosis II differ from meiosis I?

A
  • Like mitosis

- Very brief (not as long as meiosis I)

65
Q

What happens during prophase II?

A

Spindles form

66
Q

What happens during metaphase II?

A

Chromosomes align at the equatorial plate (single file)

67
Q

What happens during anaphase II?

A

The daughter chromatids separate and move towards separate poles

68
Q

What happens during telophase II?

A

Spindle fibres disappear, nuclei reform, and cytokinesis takes place (all 4 daughter cells are haploid)

69
Q

What is the very first cell with full genetic material?

A

Zygote (every cell will be genetically identical to this)

70
Q

What cells are always haploid?

A

Gametes

71
Q

What is the process of meiosis called within males?

A

Spermatogenesis (4 sperm)

72
Q

What is the process of meiosis called within females?

A

Oogenesis (1 egg + 3 polar bodies)

73
Q

During oogenesis, when is meiosis II completed?

A

Only when egg is fertilized

74
Q

During oogenesis, what receives most if the cytoplasm, thus becoming the egg?

A

Secondary oocyte

75
Q

During spermatogenesis, what sperm cell receives the most cytoplasm?

A

All sperm cells produced receive an equal share of cytoplasm

76
Q

What happens to polar bodies during oogenesis?

A

Have less cytoplasm and degenerate

77
Q

What forms from one of the centrioles during spermatogenesis?

A

Flagellum (tail)

78
Q

What is produced during oogenesis?

A

1 egg cell

79
Q

What is produced during spermatogenesis?

A

4 spermatids

80
Q

What can be used to detect chromosomal abnormalities?

A

Karyotype chart (number of chromosomes)

81
Q

What is the biological sex of females?

A

XX

82
Q

What is the biological sex of males?

A

XY

83
Q

What must be extracted in order to make a karyotype?

A

Fetal cells

84
Q

How are fetal cells extracted in order to make karyotypes?

A
  • Amniocentesis

- Chronic villi sampling

85
Q

What two things does successful cell division rely on?

A
  • Accurate replication of the chromosomes (S-phase)

- Exact separation/distribution of the chromosomes (anaphase I)

86
Q

What is it called when three chromosomes replace a normal pair (47 chromosomes in humans)?

A

Trisomy

87
Q

What is abnormal meiosis called?

A

Non-disjunction

88
Q

What happens during non-disjunction?

A

Occurs when two homologous chromosomes move to the same pole causing the chromosomes to not separate properly

89
Q

What causes non-disjunction?

A

Improper anaphase I

90
Q

How are fetal cells extracted in order to make karyotypes?

A
  • Amniocentesis

- Chronic villi sampling

91
Q

What two things does successful cell division rely on?

A
  • Accurate replication of the chromosomes (S-phase)

- Exact separation/distribution of the chromosomes (anaphase I)

92
Q

What is it called when three chromosomes replace a normal pair (47 chromosomes in humans)?

A

Trisomy

93
Q

What is abnormal meiosis called?

A

Non-disjunction

94
Q

What happens during non-disjunction?

A

Occurs when two homologous chromosomes move to the same pole causing the chromosomes to not separate properly

95
Q

What causes non-disjunction?

A

Improper anaphase I

96
Q

What does Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY male) result in?

A

Sterile males with underdeveloped testes, overdeveloped breast tissue, and sub-normal intelligence

97
Q

Down’s syndrome is more common in children born to women over the age of what?

A

40

98
Q

What chromosome does Edward’s syndrome affect?

A

18 (trisomy 18)

99
Q

What does Edward’s syndrome result in?

A

Severe overall defects with a life expectancy of only 10 weeks

100
Q

What chromosome does Patau’s syndrome affect?

A

13 (trisomy 13)

101
Q

What does Patau’s syndrome result in?

A

Non-functioning eyes, severe defects, and limited life expectancy

102
Q

What does Klinefelter’s syndrome result in (XXY male)?

A

Sterile males with underdeveloped testes, overdeveloped breast tissue, and sub-normal intelligence

103
Q

What are characteristics of a metafemale (XXX female)?

A

No obvious defects however menstrual irregularities and early menopause are common, some have increased aggression

104
Q

What are characteristics of XYY male?

A

Taller than normal, recurrent acne

105
Q

What is it called when one chromosome replaces a normal pair (45 chromosomes in humans)?

A

Monosomy

106
Q

What does Turner’s syndrome (XO female) result in?

A

Female’s with short stature, broad chest, heart defects, lack of breasts, and absence of sexual maturation and menstruation

107
Q

What does Cir du Chat syndrome result in?

A

Deletion of a portion of one copy of chromosome number 5, malformed face and head, and a shorter life span

108
Q

After the nucleus is implanted into the egg cell and a zygote is formed, what happens next?

A

The zygote or blastula is implanted into the mother’s uterus

109
Q

Is cloning similar to mitosis or meiosis?

A

Mitosis

110
Q

What is the quick and easy, yet not so successful way of cloning?

A

Somatic-cell nuclear transfer

111
Q

What occurs during the first step of somatic-cell nuclear transfer?

A

An egg cell taken from an adult female and the nucleus is removed (enucleation)

112
Q

What occurs during the second step of somatic-cell nuclear transfer?

A

The nucleus of the egg cell is replaced with the nucleus from a body cell of the individual to be cloned

113
Q

What must the body cell of the donor be?

A

Tri-potent or have its identity genes turned off (can use stem cells here)

114
Q

What societal issue deals with right or wrong, beliefs, etc. (religion vs science)?

A

Ethical

115
Q

What societal issue deals with money, expenses, cost, cost vs time/benefit?

A

Economical

116
Q

What societal issue deals with class differences?

A

Socio-economical

117
Q

What societal issue deals with changes to the abiotic or biotic aspects of an ecosystem?

A

Environmental

118
Q

What societal issue deals with bylaws, rues, and control?

A

Governmental

119
Q

What is the major problem with cloning?

A

Ethical issue

120
Q

What seems to happen to artificially cloned organisms?

A

Age faster

121
Q

Why is cloning not regularly carried out?

A
  • Very time and resource consuming

- Not guaranteed to work

122
Q

What are the ends of chromosomes called?

A

Telomeres

123
Q

What happens to telomeres each time a cell divides?

A

They shorten

124
Q

What happens when a cell becomes critically short?

A

Cell dies

125
Q

What does totipotent mean?

A

When cells reach a certain number of divisions, or age, DNA begins to alter

126
Q

What is cancer?

A

Abnormal, uncontrolled cell division of cells that did not get proper genetic material due to improper S-phase

127
Q

What may cause cancer?

A

Mutation of genes

128
Q

What do tumour suppressor genes do?

A

Suppress cell division (mutation turns these off)

129
Q

What do proto-oncogenes do?

A

Stimulate cell division (mutation turns these on)

130
Q

What happens to telomeres in cancerous cells?

A

Do not shrink

131
Q

Why are cancer cells bad?

A
  • Cancer cells do not participate in helping the body to function
  • Cancer cells require and take away nutrients
  • Cancer cells can breaks away (metastasis) from the tumour mass and spread to other parts of the body

Bio 30 (2 decks)

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