Unit Assessment 1 Flashcards
What is bio-individuality?
Every person has unique and specific nutritional needs.
What factors influence epigenetics?
Age, stress, exercise, smoking, alcohol, toxins.
What is epigenetics?
The study of how our environment and behaviors can influence how, when and where genes are turned on or off.
How did the introduction of agriculture shape our modern food landscape and impact our relationship with food?
It defined a place. Prior to this most were hunters & gatherers and foraged and hunted for their food. The early settlers expected to hunt and trade with the natives for their food. But in time, they sent farmers as indentured servants (offered a free ride to the colonies and free land), seeds and livestock and thus people began establishing colonies and farming together. Farming practices helped establish a place. And in time, with the rise of cash crops agriculture became a means for profit not nourishment.
How did the introduction of refined sugar shape our modern landscape and impact our relationship with food?
Prior to refined sugar, food wasn’t as sweet and if it was sweetened, it was sweetened with things like honey and syrup. In history sugar was seen as a rarity for only the rich and often used as medicine. But going into the 1700s sugar mills and plantations popped up everywhere and it became a cash crop. With a surplus of supply, it began being introduced into our foods.
When was the industrialization period?
Late 1700s - Early 1800s (1760-1820)
How did the industrialization period shape our modern landscape and impact our relationship with food?
During this period there was an emphasis on machines and progress. Because were no longer living in rural areas and were working in factories long hours food now had to be convenient, long lasting, etc. And in turn, people no longer grew their own food or had a direct relationship with the farmer. Several more degrees of separation from farm to consumer were added.
Explain the “Rise of Big Food.”
During the late 1800s large mass production convenient food companies were founded that still exist today such as Kellogg, Post and General Mills.
How did WWI & WWII shape our modern landscape and impact our relationship with food?
During this time our government asked its citizens to consume less in order to provide rations to the troops. They encouraged people to participate in things like “Meatless Mondays” and “Wheatless Wednesdays” and to conserve on meats, fats, bread etc. At this time there was no internet to fact check the consequences on the American people to make these dietary adjustments for the sake of the troops.
Describe what was going on in relation to food in the 1970s and 1980s?
In the 1970s US government was pushing various claims like milk and its health benefits. Then in the 1980s brands were touting things like “low-fat” and “non-fat” claims as if fat was bad for our health.
Describe what transpired in the 1990s that shaped our modern landscape and impact our relationship with food?
The more people were working including women, the further they were working from home, and the longer the hours they worked packaged, processed, and preserved foods became even more prevalent. Branded diets also arose such as “Eat Right for Your Blood Type.”
Describe all of the modern influences today that impact our health and our relationship to food?
We are constantly exposed to EMFs that can affect things like our quality of sleep. We are more technology centered and spend more of our time sedentary. There are less farmers however but the population continues to grow. In some ways food is more accessible to us through things like meal delivery and grocery delivery services. More and more replica food products are being introduced such as ‘impossible burgers” and we are constantly exposed to health claims on social media that are sometimes true, sometimes false.
What is a food security?
Having access to enough food for an active healthy life.
What is nutrition security?
Consistent access, availability, and affordability of foods and beverages that promote well being, prevent disease, and if needed treat disease.
What are the four pillars of food security?
Availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability.
What are the five key areas that impact wellness?
A nutrient dense diet, sleep, stress, digestion, and blood sugar regulation.
What is the mission of the NTA?
To reverse the epidemic of preventable poor health by education and empowering wellness champions in every community.
Who founded the NTA?
It was founded in 1997 by Gary L. Graham as a way to treat nutrition to health care providers.
What is nutritional therapy?
An approach to wellness that focuses on using scientific principals of nutrition and lifestyle choices to optimize health.
What is our innate wisdom in regards to food?
Our bodies are governed by internal forces that drive us to both survive and thrive and communicate with us about what are body does and does not need.
What were some of the early US cash crops in the 1600-1700s? Then what crops came next?
Virginia & Maryland = Tobacco, The Carolinas = Indigo & Rice, Deep South = Cotton. When all of these cash crops became less profitable, they turned to corn and wheat.
What were some of the technological advancements of the early 1800s?
Electricity, steam engines, mechanical farm equipment, industrialized canning, pasteurization, discovery of seed oils, nation grocery chains introduced.
What prompted the FDA to pass the “Pure Food & Drug Act” and in what year?
Upton Sinclair’s book “The Jungle” shed light on the need to legislate quality and safety and it passed in 1906.
What was introduced in the late 1800s-early 1900s that affected agriculture and our food?
Fertilizers and insecticides such as Peruvian Guano, Paris Green, DDT
What is a food desert? And what is the criteria for a food desert?
A food desert is an area that has limited access to food that is plentiful, affordable, or nutritious. For urban areas with 500 or more people in which 33% of the population live 1 mile from a large grocery store. For rural areas with less than 500 people in which 33% of the population are 20 miles from the nearest large grocery store.
What are the five different aspects of the food system?
Production, processing, distribution, consumption, and waste.
What is a food swamp?
An area with a high density of establishments selling high-calorie fast food and junk food relative to healthier food.
What are the traditional food practices?
Fermentation, nose-to-tail, root-to-stem, soaking, sprouting, souring, and gratitude.
What is fermentation and provide some examples?
Fermentation is the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeast or other microorganisms. Tempe, miso, sauerkraut, kimchi, wine, beer, vinegar, sourdough.
What are some of the benefits of fermentation?
Improve food safety, increase nutrient intake, limit waste, etc.
What is nose-to-tail and root-to-stem? Give some examples.
Making use of the byproducts of animal products, fruits and vegetables. Tripe, blood sausage or stew, fish head soup, etc.
What is soaking? Give an example.
Plants have protective compounds that act as defense mechanisms but they can be difficult for humans to digest and impact absorption. This technique neutralizes these compounds and make the nutrients more bio-available. Soaking beans rather than consuming raw or purchasing from a can.
What is souring? Give an example.
It is an enhanced form of soaking with the introduction of lactic acid or wild yeasts such as sourdough that degrades gluten or yogurt/kefir.
What is sprouting? What are the benefits and give an example.
Human initiated germination that reactivates a plants metabolism encouraging it to breakdown compounds for energy and growth. Increase nutrient density, digestion of these foods, etc. Example - Sprouted millet to make Indian roti.
What is the premise of gratitude? Give an example.
Every cell in our body is aware of our thoughts and feelings and beliefs. Native tribes thanked the gods for animals they killed.
What is anatomy?
The science of structure and the relationships among structures in regards to humans, animals, and other living organisms.
What is physiology?
The science/study of the functions of the parts of the body and how it works.
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of relatively stable conditions within the body despite changes inside and outside the body.
What is ATP and where is it produced?
ATP or “adenosine triphosphate” is the energy currency of living organisms. It consists of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups. It is produced within the mitochondria.
What is pH?
One’s acidity or alkalinity expressed on a scale from 0-14 based on the number of hydrogens in a solution. Stands for “power of hydrogen.”
What is food sovereignty?
The right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sounding sustainable methods and the right to define their own food and agriculture system.
What are the six levels of structural organization? List in order from smallest to largest.
Chemical > Cellular > Tissue > Organ > System > Organismal.
Describe the chemical level of structural organization?
This level includes atoms and molecules which are 2 or more atoms joined together. Necessary to sustain life. Examples include oxygen, CO2, etc.
Describe the cellular level of structural organization?
Molecules combine to form structures called cells that are the “building blocks of human anatomy.” Examples include muscle cells, nerve cells, etc.
Difference of inorganic and organic compounds? Give examples of each.
Organic compounds contain carbon and include carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Inorganic compounds do not include carbon and an example is water.
Describe the tissue level of structural organization.
Tissue is a group of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to form a particular function.
Describe the organ level of the structural organization.
When different types of tissues join together to form a body structure. Organs are comprised of two of more types of tissue that have a distinct shape and specific functions. Examples heart, stomach, etc.
Describe the system level of the structural organization.
A system consists of related organs that have a common function.
What are the 11 systems of the human body?
- Integumentary 2. Muscular 3. Skeletal 4. Nervous 5. Endocrine 6. Cardiovascular 7. Lymphatic/Immune 8. Digestive 9. Respiratory 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive
What organs comprise the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, sweat/oil glands, and sensory receptors.
What are the main roles of the integumentary system?
Regulates body temperature, eliminates some waste, protects the body, synthesizes vitamin D, detects sensations, stores fat/provides insulation.
What is the largest organ in the body?
The skin. It is also the organ most exposed to infection, disease and injury.
What are the 2 layers of the skin?
Epidermis - Outer thinner layer that is comprised of epithelial tissue. Dermis - The deeper thicker inner layer comprised of connective tissue. Hypodermis/Subcutaneous - Layer of the dermis consisting of blood vessels and where fat is stored.
What are the three glands of the integumentary system?
Sudoriferous, sebaceous, ceruminous.
What is the role of the sebaceous glands?
These are your oil glands that are connected to your hair follicles and secrete a substance called sebum that keeps hair and skin from drying out and helps prohibit bacterial growth.
What is the role of the sudoriferous glands?
These are your sweat glands that release sweat into hair follicles and onto the skin through pores.
What is the role of the ceruminous glands?
They are present in your external auditory canal and secrete cerumen/ear wax. This impedes the entrance of foreign bodies into the ear and protects against bacteria and fungus.
What are the key functions of the integumentary system?
Regulates body temperature. Protects against microbes, abrasion, heat, chemicals, etc. Is responsible for sensations such as touch, pressure, vibration, tickling, heat/cold. Plays a role in excretion and absorption. Synthesizes vitamin D from the sun.
What organs comprise the skeletal system?
Bones, cartigledge, joints, tendons, and ligaments.
What are the four different types of bone?
Short, long, flat and iregular.
Bone is made up of what types of tissues?
Bone (osseous), cartilage, dense connective tissue, epithelial, nervous and adipose tissue.
What is special about skeletal/bone tissue?
It is living tissue and continually engages in “bone remodeling” by breaking down old bone and building new.
What is produced inside the bone marrow?
Red blood cells.
What key nutrients are found in our bones?
99% of our bodies calcium and 85% of our bodies phosphorus.
What are the different types microscopic cells in bone tissue and what are their roles?
Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
What are the main functions of the skeletal system?
Support the body, protect the organs, assistant in movement, mineral homeostasis, red blood cell production, and triglyceride storage.
What are the three types of tissue that make up the skeletal system?
Skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and smooth muscle tissue.
What organ comprises the muscular system?
The heart.
What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?
Anabolism is the metabolic reactions in which energy is used to build large complex structures from smaller molecules and catabolism is the opposite. It is the breakdown releasing energy.
What are the key functions of the muscular system?
Producing body movements, stabilizing body positions, storing and moving substances within the body, producing heat.
What organs comprise the nervous system?
The brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglion, eyes and ears.
Together with the _________ system the nervous system play the most important roles in maintaining ________?
Endocrine, homeostasis.
What are the two branches that comprise the nervous system? And define them.
The central nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord and is the source of our thoughts, emotions and memories. Our peripheral nervous system consists of all nervous tissue outside of the CNS and includes sensory and nerve receptors.
What are the two types of nerve receptors?
Sensory/afferent receptors convey input into the CNS and motor/efferent convey output from the CNS.
What is the difference between the somatic and automatic nervous system?
The somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary muscle control. However, the automatic nervous system oversees our involuntary movements such as breathing.
What are the two branches of the automatic nervous system?
The sympathetic nervous system that is response for “fight or flight” responsible and the parasympathetic nervous system that is responsible for “rest and digest.”
What are the main functions of the nervous system?
Detect external and internal stimuli, analyze sensory information and make decisions for appropriate responses, controls motor functions.
What are the four components of a feedback loop?
Stimulus, sensor, control, effector.
What organs comprise the endocrine system?
All glands that produce chemical regulators of body functions aka hormones. This includes the hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, and testies.
What glands are the primary and secondary glands overseeing the endocrine system?
The hypothalamus oversees the whole endocrine system, by receiving feedback from the glands, assessing hormones, and maintaining homeostasis. The pituitary gland is second in command.
How many hormones are there of the hypothalamus and the pituitary glands.
9 and 7
What are the key functions of the endocrine system?
Growth and development, metabolism energy production/balance, contraction of smooth cardiac muscle tissue, reproductive and sexual activity, sleep aid through establishing circadian rhythm.
What mineral dose the thyroid need to form T3 and T4?
Iodine
Where are the adrenals located and what is the role of the adrenal glands?
The adrenals sit on top of the kidneys and they are responsible for producing hormones that maintain a variety of bodily processes, specifically the hormones aldosterone, cortisol, androgens, estrogen, epinephrine and norepinephrine.
What are the two components of the adrenal glands and which hormones do they produce?
The medulla which releases epinephrine and norepinephrine and the adrenal cortex that releases aldosterone and cortisol.
What is the thyroid and where it is located?
The thyroid is a small butterfly-shaped order in the lower neck.
What are the roles of the thyroid?
The thyroid plays a role in regulating metabolism and energy. It affects the rate in which we breathe, digest our food, body temperature, weight, serum levels, menstrual cycle.
Where is the pancreas located and what is its role?
The pancreas is located in the abdomen and it is responsible for making glucagon and insulin to maintain blood glucose levels.
Where is the pineal gland located and what is its role?
It is located in the brain and is responsible for synthesizing melatonin.
