Unit A Review Flashcards
How would you apply Maturity related behaviour to a child?
Look at how mature they are in scenarios. Do they have the attention span needed? do they understand the terms used?
How would you apply individual Development readiness?
Look at the individual and see if they have developed enough to move up a step within a task such as the next level of sport.
How do we apply an individuals response to performance pressures?
Children want to play sports for fun, so should we add the pressure of keeping score and see who wins? or let the kids play out no matter the score.
How do we apply sex differences to children?
Do boys and girls play together? If they play together, when do we separate them?
How do we apply maturational considerations?
How do we handle the occurrence of early and late maturers within sports?
How do we apply safety and liability issues?
When is it safe to include risk factors in sports? Such as body contact in hockey and tackling in football.
How do we apply sensitive and critical periods?
Need to look at when is the best time to introduce new topics to children such as bone health.
Why are studies on children more difficult than adults?
This is due to the variability from age to age. Children vary in size, motor skill, physiological aspects, etc. This means that when comparing children, you can only compare to that specific age group and sex.
What is the difference between a cross-sectional study and longitudinal study?
Cross-sectional is usually comparing two groups together. They are much quicker, cheaper, but gives only rough ideas to what could happen over a longer period of time.
Longitudinal studies follow a group over a longer period of time. They cost more money and the dropout rate is much higher. However, these give accurate results over long periods of time.
What is plastic processes?
Many Factors that affect growth in children
What is development?
The progression and regressions that happen over our entire lifespan. This covers biological, behavioural and motor changes.
What is growth?
This is the structural aspects of development. Looking at how the body grows in size for example.
What is maturation?
Looks at the functional changes within humans. How do processes change?
What are the different development ages and their associated age range?
Why is there an overlap on some?
Prenatal - conception -> birth
Infancy - Birth -> 2 years
Childhood - 2 -12 years
- Early childhood - 2->6 years
- Late childhood - 6-12 years
Adolescence - 11/13 -> 18 years
- females(11-18) males(13-18)
Adulthood - 18+ years
There is an overlap in adolescence and childhood due to different children starting puberty at different times.
What is Hyperplasia?
This is an increase in cell number
What is Hypertrophy?
This is an increase in cell size
What is accretion?
This is an increase in intercellular substances
When do we see more hyperplasia? Hypertrophy?
We see much more hyperplasia during prenatal and infancy.
We see more hypertrophy during childhood and adolescence.
What is a distance curve?
Distance curve indicates the total height at a certain age. Only shows the total height achieved.
What is a velocity curve?
This curve looks at the change in the rate of change over time. does not look at a total. Looks at the rate of change from one point to the next.
What are the key points of a velocity curve for growth?
Accelerating - growth acceleration leading up to growth spurt
Peak Height Velocity - the peak of growth rate.
Deceleration - the decrease in growth rate after growth spurt.
Termination of growth - when growing is done(velocity = 0)
What is scammons growth curve?
What does his graph show us?
A growth curve created in 1923. It shows the relation of multiple body parts throughout growth to the average adult size. It compares body part sizes by percentage in relation to the average adult size.
What is important about the process of maturation?
The process can occur at any time, however the process of maturation will not change. Changes will occur in the same order for everyone. There is no specific point in time someone will start this process.
Is the maturation process observable?
No it is mostly unobservable, so it is inferred.
What is the difference between Maturation and Maturity?
Maturation is the process it takes to obtain a status(adult). Maturity is the status.
What are the different ways to calculate age?
Chronological age - in calendar years
Biological Age - observable, measurable. based on the state of your body
Maturational age - looks at maturation which is inferred; not readily observable.
What are the different prenatal stages and their relative time period of development?
Egg - first 2 weeks
Embryo - week 2-8
Fetus - week 9-40
What prenatal stage has more hyperplasia and hypertrophy?
Embryo has more hyperplasia and fetus has more hypertrophy.
Which stage do we see functional development?
Fetus
At what point has most of the fetal length occurred? What about weight?
50% of fetal length occurs halfway through(20 weeks). Fetal weight does not start increasing until the last 20 weeks. only 10% of fetal weight has occurred at 20 weeks.
Describe the different proportional sizes with the head to the body in early and late fetal development.
At early fetal development, the head is roughly 50% of the fetus length. At the end of fetal development, it is roughly 25% the fetal length.
When would you feel the baby more while in the womb? First or second half? why?
Due to there being more space available in the first half, you won’t notice the fetus moving. During the second half, the fetus is larger meaning there is less space. You will feel the movements more and the movements can also be more intense.
Why is birth weight important? What does it tell us?
Birth weight is a good indication of maternal and newborn’s health and nutrition. It can also give good indications to lifelong health.
How does prenatal nutrition affect post natal physical activity?
Undernourished fetus’ were more likely to become less active after being born. Over compensation to fix the undernourishment did not fix the lack the physical activity.
How does smoking affect the fetus?
Smoking can affect birthweight but also cognitive abilities and development
What are the big factors affecting prenatal growth and development?
Nutrition, smoking and alcohol
Is physical activity important for pregnancy?
Yes, physical activity is becoming critical for a healthy pregnancy. It is recommended to do more than 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week over at least 3 days.
How is post natal growth the same and different for each person?
The pattern to reach their end size will always be the same. But the final size and their rate of growth will be different.
What is the trend with percentiles and late childhood growth?
Usually the percentile line you start your late childhood growth on is the percentile you will finish on.
How would you describe someone on the 80th percentile for height.
This person is taller than 80% of people and/or shorter than 20% of people.
Is a child in the 90th percentile for weight considered obese?
You can’t use percentile graphs to determine if someone is obese or not. These graphs do not take in height and body composition. They can be used for general ideas and can give indication for any health concerns.
How would an early maturer look on a percentile graph?
Early maturers will shoot up the percentiles as they will have grown before most kids their age making them taller and bigger than most. They will then return to their “normal” percentile when other kids “catch up” to them as they hit puberty.
How would you describe a late maturer on a percentile graph?
A late maturer will drop down percentiles early on as others hit puberty. They will then rise up the percentiles, returning to their previous “normal” percentile at later ages.
What is scaling and when is it used?
Scaling is the adjustment of physiologic variable for body size. This is important when trying to compare children to adults.
What is somatotyping?
Somatotyping is a way of classifying people into certain categories based on physique.
What makes up bone tissue?
Collagen, minerals and cells
What are the 2 major minerals in bone tissue?
Calcium and phosphate
What are the two different types of bone?
Compact - hard bone for protection and strength
Trabecular(spongy) - Reduces the weight of the bone while still providing strength. Also where RBCs are made.
What are the 3 main bone cells? what are their function.
Osteoblasts - bone formation
Osteoclasts - bone resporption
Osteocytes - regulation of flow of minerals and nutrients. maintains mechanical strain.
What is turnover and what bone cells are responsible for it?
Turnover is the constant creation of new bone. Where old bone is removed so new bone can be made. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are responsible for this.
What are the 4 steps/stages of bone turnover?
Resting - can see osteocytes, nothing is occurring
Resorption - osteoclasts remove bone
Reversal - osteoclasts leave, osteoblasts go to location of removed bone
Formation - osteoblasts place new bone
How often does bone growth and remodeling occur in both infancy and adulthood?
infancy = 50% annually
Adulthood = 5% annually