unit A: Outcome 1 Flashcards
What is an energy level?
The level of energy around an atom where electrons are found
What gives the number of energy levels in an atom
period, 1st level holds 2 e-, 2nd and 3rd holds 8e-
what is the orbital?
The region of space around an atom’s nucleus where an
electron may exist, 7 orbitals for 7 periods, number and location depend on where element is on periodic table
Valence Orbital
The outermost energy level of an atom
Bonding electrons
Bonding electrons are single electrons in an
orbital that bond with electrons in other atoms
lone pair
are two electrons in an
orbital
Electronegativity
The ability of an an atom to “hold on” to or attract electrons is referred
to as electronegativity.
What are 5 facts about electronegativty and the periodic table
Atoms have different abilities to attract valence e-
Farther away that e- are from the nucleus, the weaker
they are held by the atom
Values are assigned from 0 to 4
Highest electronegativity is fluorine at 4.0
Lowest electronegativity is francium at 0.7
Octet rule
A maximum of 8e- can occupy the valence energy level of an atom
What are some key things to remeber about elements and atoms regarding the octet rule
All atoms want to achieve a full valence energy level
Atoms bond to achieve a full valence energy level
When metals react they lose electrons to make this
happen
Non-metals react and gain electrons to make this
happen
All elements want to achieve the stability of the
closest noble gas
Covalent bonding
If electronegativities of both atoms are high, neither atoms wins
tug of war and they share the electron
Ionic compounds
Stable, which means they have full valence energy levels
Conductive which means they are made up of charged particles
Made up of a metal and a nonmetal
Ionic bonding
If electronegativities are different (>2) then the atom with the
higher electronegativity will steal the electron from the other atom
Bonding capacity
maximum number of bonds that an atom can make
Equals the number of bonding electrons that an atom has
In order to achieve a stable octet atoms involved in molecular bonding must do what
atoms involved in molecular bonding will
often share multiple pairs of electrons. As a result, a double bond is formed
between each atom:
reduction
the gain of electrons
oxidation
the loss of electrons
net reaction rule with REDOX
A net reaction combines the reduction and oxidation half
reactions together.
e- lost in the oxidation half reaction must equal the e- gained in
the reduction half reaction
What is the Lewis dot structure for an oxygen atom
..o..
in an ionic bond what happens to the valence electrons of the metal
they are transferred to the non metal
