UNIT A: Nervous and Endocrine Systems Flashcards
What are the divisions of the nervous system?
CNS -> Central Nervous System
PNS -> Peripheral Nervous System
Parts of the CNS (central nervous system) and its ROLE..
- Brain
- Spinal Chord
Role: integrates and processes info
Parts of the PNS (peripheral nervous system) and its ROLE(s)…
- Somatic: controls skeletal muscle, bone and skin. VOLUNTARY/concious
↳sensory somatic: carries info FROM body TO brain/CNS
↳motor: carries info FROM CNS, TO body - Autonomic: Controls certain body organs. INVOLUNTARY
↳sympathetic (sensory, motor)
↳Para-sympathetic (sensory, motor)
Role: Links the CNS with the body
When is the sympathetic system activated? and whats is its catchphrase and symptoms (increased/decreased)
- activated in stressful situations
“fight flight freeze” - increased:
heart-rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, release of epinephine (adrenaline), pupil size, blood sugar - decreased: digestion, urine production
Para-sympathetic activated to…? catchphrase + (increased/decreased)
- activated to restore and conserve energy
“rest and digest” - increased: digestion, urine production
- decreased: heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, relaxed airways, pupils relax
The TWO basic cell types of the nervous system and their purposes
- Neuron: DOES THE ACTION
↳functional cells
↳ excitable cell membrane which can conduct electrical pulse - Glial (neurological) cells: SUPPORTS ACTION
↳support cells
↳nourishes neurons, removes wastes, defends against infection, supporting framework (non-conducting)
what is a group of neurons called?
a nerve
3 main types of neurons & basic roles
- Sensory (input) afferent-
gather info from the sensory receptors and transmit impulses to the CNS - Inter-neurons (bridge)-
act as a bridge between sensory and motor neurons. Process sensory info and relay outgoing motor info - Motor (output) efferent-
transmit info FROM the CNS to effectors (muscles, glands and other organs)
8 POINTS OF THE REFLEX ARC
- Stimulus (eg. needle)
- Sensory Receptors (skin)
- Sensory neuron (input) afferent
- Inter-neuron
- Spinal Chord (brain by-passed for quick response)
- Motor neuron (efferent)
- Muscle (effector)
- Response (eg. pull back)
STRUCTURE OF A NEURON
(TOP)
Cell body: dendrites, nucleus
(DOWN)(signal trail)
Axon -> node of Ravier, myelin sheath (proteins and fat…produced by Schwann Cells)
(BOTTOM)
Synaptic knob (axon terminal)
other info:
Neurilemma (in PNS NOT CNS.)
membrane around fibres in PNS that promote the regeneration of damaged axons
White/Grey matter?
Saltatory conduction
In myelinated neurons, action potentials occur only at the Nodes of Ranvier
Schwann cells insulates the axon membrane it surrounds
! Nerve impulse is spread down the axon by Saltatory Conduction
It being mylinated during depolarization helps it (action potential pulse) jump from node to node… to prevent loss of ions??(Sodium NA+)
Synapse def.
the connection (space) between two neurons or a neuron and an effector
…
impluse travels along the axon to the synaptic end knob/bulb
-neurotransmitter (eg. messenger/mailman) enable an impulse to be passed from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynoptic neuron by diffusion.
What happens at the synapse when heroin is present?
Heroin mimics endorphins, binding to opioid receptors.
This inhibits GABA release, leading to increased dopamine levels and euphoria.
Synapse Diagram / Parts of Synapse and functions
What neurotransmitter is affected by heroin, and how?
Dopamine (neurotransmitters)
heroin indirectly increases dopamine release by inhibiting GABA’s normal regulation.
Label the parts of a synapse (EDIT THIS ONE)
- Axon terminal
- neurotransmitter vesicles
- synaptic cleft
- receptors on postsynaptic membrane
- reuptake pumps
What are the four lobes of the brain and their functions?
- Frontal (decision-making, movement)
- Parietal (sensory info)
- Occipital (vision)
- Temporal (hearing, memory).
(brain lobes) The medulla oblongata controls..?
heart rate and breathing
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
- Maintains homeostasis,
- regulates hormones via the pituitary gland.
Parts/structure of the eye and functions (EDIT THIS ONE)
- Cornea
- lens
- retina
- optic nerve
- iris, pupil
- ciliary muscles
- sclera
Structure of ear (outer to mid to inner)
OUTER EAR
- pinna
- auditory canal
MIDDLE EAR
-ossicles (3 bones)
-Typanum
-Oval Window
-Eustachian tube
INNER EAR
-Vestibule
-Semicircular Canals (3 of them)
-Cochlea
Auditory nerve ->
What does the endocrine system include (notes human diagram) (9 listed)
- hypothalamus
2.thyroid gland
3.parathyroid gland
4.thymus
5.adrenal gland
6.pancreas
7.ovary/testes - pineal gland
9.pituitary gland
Hypothalamus (hormones secreted and functions)
Pituitary (hormones secreted and functions)
Anterior pituitary (hormones secreted and functions)
Thyroid Gland + Parathyroid (hormones secreted and functions)
antagonistic pairing:
hormones with oppisite affacet s (eg. calcitonin and PTH)
Adrenal Medulla (hormones secreted and functions)
Adrenal Cortex (hormones secreted and functions)
Pancreas (hormones secreted and functions)
negative feedback (positive feedback)…
when a high level of a particular hormone in the blood may inhibit further secretion of that hormone, or where the result of a certain action may inhibit further performance of that action.
(eg. negative feedback loop)
positive feedback is the oppisite (enabler) (eg. lactation after birth)
____________
- the nervous system and endocrine system work together in mianataining homeostatsis
-nervous system typically acs QUICKLY while endocrine system responds more SLOWLY and is LONGER LASTING
(negative feedback-ish) + nervous vs endocrine homeostatis speed
- the nervous system and endocrine system work together in mianataining homeostatsis
-nervous system typically acs QUICKLY while endocrine system responds more SLOWLY and is LONGER LASTING
endocrine vs. exocrine
endo = “IN” hormones released into bloodstream
exo = “OUTSIDE” hormones released into ducts (openings) other than the circulatory system)
