UNIT A: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Question 1

hormones:

Answer 1

are chemical messengers that are sent through the bloodstream and act on target tissues and cells separate from their origin. Hormones are produced and secreted by the endocrine glands, and usually have longer term effects on the organism

Question 2

exocrine glands:

Answer 2

products do not enter the bloodstream; are released by ducts/tubes into a body cavity, or out of the body
(ex. sweat, pancreatic, and salivary glands)

exo- “out”
crine “to secrete”

Question 3

endocrine glands:

Answer 3

products (hormones) are carried through the bloodstream to target tissues

endo- “in”
crine- “to secrete”

Question 4

hypothyroidism:

Answer 4

underproduction of thyroxin results in sluggishness, depression, weight gain, tiredness, goiter formation. *Iodine deficiency or thyroid tissue deterioration

*hypo= means too LITTLE

Question 5

hyperthyroidism:

Answer 5

excessive production of thyroxin results in nervousness, weight loss, sweating, tachycardia, hyperactivity

*hyper= means too MUCH

Question 6

calcitonin:

Answer 6

decreases the concentration of blood calcium

-Calcium deposits into the bones

-reducing intestinal uptake of calcium,

-increases secretion of calcium by the kidneys (into the urine to be expelled from the body).

(Works in opposition to parathyroid hormone)

Question 7

parathyroid (PTH):

Answer 7

increases blood calcium

-increasing calcium absorption by the intestine,

-Calcium released from the bones

-Increases re-absorption of calcium ions into the blood from the kidneys.

Question 8

insulin:

Answer 8

helps to LOWER blood sugar levels after meals when they are high; insulin helps cells of the body to “take in” sugars

*the pancreas (endocrine) is responsible for releasing two hormones related to blood glucose level

Question 9

glucagon:

Answer 9

helps to RAISE blood sugar levels when they are low; glucagon helps convert glycogen (a sugar storage molecule found in the liver) to glucose

Question 10

sex hormones:

Answer 10

small amounts of both male and female sex hormones are released by the adrenal cortex. (Testosterone, Estrogen)

Question 11

negative feedback:

Answer 11

is a control mechanism designed to prevent chemical imbalances in the body. Once the body has responded to a change in the environment, the effect is detected, receptors are activated, and further response is inhibited

Question 12

positive feedback:

Answer 12

a control mechanism designed to encourage or amplify a physiological process in the body