Unit A: Chemical Change Flashcards
Element
Is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
Atom
It is the smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element.
Atomic Number
Is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. (The number on the top left hand corner)
Atomic Mass
The average mass of the atoms of an element including all isotopes. (The number under the name of an element)
Energy Level
A specific region surrounding the nucleus that is available for electrons.
Valence Electron
An electron that occupies the outermost energy level in an atom.
Lewis Dot Diagram
A representation of an atom that shows only valence electrons.
Anion
A negatively charged ion.
Cation
A positively charged ion.
Metal
A malleable and ductile element that has luster, has good heat and electrical conductivity and tends to form positive ions.
Non-Metal
An element that is not flexible, does not conduct electricity and tends to form negative ions.
Compound
A pure substance formed from atoms of two or more elements with the different atoms joined in fixed ratios
Ionic Compound
A pure substance formed from a metal and nonmetal
Ionic Bond
A bond formed by the simultaneous attraction between positive and negative ions.
Molecular Compound
A pure substance formed from non-metals. (Right side of the stair case)
Covalent Bond
A bond formed by the simultaneous attraction of two nuclei for a shared pair of electrons.
Molecule
A particle containing a fixed number of covalently bonded, non-metal atoms.
Chemical Change
A change in which one or more new substances with different properties is formed
Mass Number
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Ion
An electrically charged atom or group of atoms.
Exothermic Change
A chemical change in which energy, usually in the form of heat is released into the surrounding
Endothermic Change
A chemical change in which energy is absorbed from the surrounding - making cold.
Solution
A homogeneous mixture of dissolved substances that contains a solute and a solvent
Aqueous Solution
A solution in which water is the solvent.
Solute
A substance in a solution whose bonds are broken by a solvent, a substance that dissolves
Solvent
A substance in a solution that breaks down the bonds of a solute, a substance that does the dissolving and is in greater proportion in the mixture
Polar Molecule
A molecule with a partial positive charge at one end and a partial negative charge at the other end.
Dissosiation
The separation of an ionic compound into individual ions in a solution.
Electrolyte
A solute that forms a solution that conducts electricity.
Non-Electrolyte
A solute in a solution that does not conduct an electric current.
Concentration
The ratio of the quantity of solute to the quantity of solution.
Concentrated Solution
A solution containing a high ratio of a solute to a solution.
Dilute Solution
A solution containing a low ratio of solute to solution.
Quantitative Property of a Solution
A basic attribute of a solution you can observe with one or more of the five senses (Colour, taste, odor, transparency and colour intensity)
Collision-reaction Theory
A theory stating that chemical reactions involve the collision and rearrangement of particles.
Acid
A substance that produces hydrogen ions when dissolved in water to form a conducting aqueous solution.
Mole
A specific amount of a substance that consists 6.0022 x 10^23 particles.
Molar Concentration
The amount of solute, in moles, per liter of solution.
Molar Mass
The mass of 1 mol of a substance.
Standard Solution
A solution having a precisely known concentration
Ore
A rock that contains a useful metal in a sufficient concentration that makes it economical to mine.
Oxidation
A chemical process involving the loss of electrons.
Reduction
A chemical process involving a gain of electrons
Single Replacement Reaction
A reaction in which a new element reacts with a compound to produce a new element and a new compound.
Spectator
An atom or poly-atomic ion that does not change in a chemical reaction.
Redox Reaction
Is a reduction-oxidation reaction.
Corrosion
The oxidation of a metal.
Spontaneous Reaction
A chemical reaction that occurs without the addition of external energy.
Non-Spontaneous Reaction
A chemical reaction that does not occur without the addition of external energy.
Reducing Agent
A substance that makes the reduction process possible by losing electrons (+).
Oxidizing Agent
A substance that makes the oxidation process possible by gaining electrons (-).
Voltaic Cell
A device that spontaneously produces electricity to redox reactions.
Battery
A set of voltaic cells joined to produce an electric current.
Electrode
A solid electrical conductor in a cell that connects a cell to an external circuit.
Anode
The electrode in a cell where the oxidation (loss of electrons +) half reaction occurs. (no for negative)
Cathode
The electrode in a cell where the reduction (gain of electrons -) half reaction occurs.
Cell Notation
A concise description of a voltaic cell
Electrolytic Cell
A chemical system in which a non spontaneous oxidation and reduction reacts are made to occur by the application of electrical energy.
Electroplating
The process of depositing a metal at the cathode of an electrolytic cell.
Electrolysis
The decomposition of a substance by means of an electric current.
Carbon based compound
A compound primarily made up of carbon atoms.
Organic Chemistry
The study of compounds composed of carbon.
Alkane
A hydrocarbon that contains only carbon - carbon single bonds; C (n) H (2 n+2). Ane= Single Bond
Continuous chain alkane
An alkane consisting of one simple chain of carbon atoms.
Suffix
The second syllable in the name of an organic molecule that indicate the family of the organic molecule.
Complete structural diagram
A diagram of a molecule that uses a short line to show the bonds that exist due to the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms.
Condensed structural diagram
A diagram of a molecule that uses a short line to show carbon- carbon bonds but uses the chemical formula for carbon- hydrogen bonds. (CH3-CH2-CH3)
Prefix
The first syllable in the name of an organic molecule that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
Line Structural Diagram
A diagram of a molecule that only uses a short line to show the bonds between carbon atoms.
Branched alkane
Is an alkane consisting of a long chain with smaller carbon branches attached to it.
Alkyl Group
A branch of a larger molecule consisting of an alkane with one hydrogen removed.
Saturated Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
Alkyne
A hydrocarbon that has at least one carbon-carbon triple bond; CnH2n-2. yne= triple bond.
Alkene
A hydrocarbon that has at least one carbon-carbon double bond; CnH2n. ene= double bond
Essential Fatty Acid
A fatty acid that the body cannot synthesize itself and must obtain from food.
Polyunsaturated Fat
A fat molecule that includes fatty acids having more than one double bond.
Monounsaturated Fat
A fat molecule that includes fatty acids having only one double bond.
Fatty Acid
An organic molecule consisting of a long chain of carbons with a COOH group at one end and a methyl group at the other end.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons.
A hydrocarbon containing double or triple covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
Hydrogenation
A reaction that converts, carbon -carbon double and triple bonds in unsaturated compounds into carbon-carbon single bonds of saturated compounds.
Industrially Produced Trans Fatty Acid
A synthetic molecule that has the hydrogen atoms on either side of the double bond, resulting in a straight carbon chain.
Industrially Produced Trans Fat
A fat molecule produced by partial hydrogenation that contains at least one trans fatty acid chain.
Dietary Cholesterol
A substance found in food from animal sources.
Petroleum
Liquid hydrocarbons formed over millions of years from the remains of ancient microscopic marine organisms.
Fraction
A group of compounds found in petroleum with similar properties and uses.
Refining
An industrial process that separates, purifies and alters raw materials.
Cracking
A reaction in which hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller molecules by means of heat (thermal cracking) or catalysts (catalytic cracking).
Fractional Distillation
A process used for the separation of a liquid mixture by vaporizing it and collecting the different components of the mixture as they cool down and condense at their appropriate boiling points.
Petrochemical
A chemical made from petroleum.
Combustion
A rapid reaction with oxygen that produces energy and oxides.
Polymerization
A reaction where many short hydrocarbon molecules join together to form very long hydrocarbon chains.
Polymer
A large hydrocarbon molecule formed by a polymerization.
