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Science 20 > Unit A: Chemical Change > Flashcards

Unit A: Chemical Change Flashcards

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1
Q

Element

A

Is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

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2
Q

Atom

A

It is the smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element.

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3
Q

Atomic Number

A

Is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. (The number on the top left hand corner)

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4
Q

Atomic Mass

A

The average mass of the atoms of an element including all isotopes. (The number under the name of an element)

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5
Q

Energy Level

A

A specific region surrounding the nucleus that is available for electrons.

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6
Q

Valence Electron

A

An electron that occupies the outermost energy level in an atom.

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7
Q

Lewis Dot Diagram

A

A representation of an atom that shows only valence electrons.

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8
Q

Anion

A

A negatively charged ion.

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9
Q

Cation

A

A positively charged ion.

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10
Q

Metal

A

A malleable and ductile element that has luster, has good heat and electrical conductivity and tends to form positive ions.

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11
Q

Non-Metal

A

An element that is not flexible, does not conduct electricity and tends to form negative ions.

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12
Q

Compound

A

A pure substance formed from atoms of two or more elements with the different atoms joined in fixed ratios

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13
Q

Ionic Compound

A

A pure substance formed from a metal and nonmetal

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14
Q

Ionic Bond

A

A bond formed by the simultaneous attraction between positive and negative ions.

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15
Q

Molecular Compound

A

A pure substance formed from non-metals. (Right side of the stair case)

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16
Q

Covalent Bond

A

A bond formed by the simultaneous attraction of two nuclei for a shared pair of electrons.

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17
Q

Molecule

A

A particle containing a fixed number of covalently bonded, non-metal atoms.

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18
Q

Chemical Change

A

A change in which one or more new substances with different properties is formed

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19
Q

Mass Number

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

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20
Q

Ion

A

An electrically charged atom or group of atoms.

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21
Q

Exothermic Change

A

A chemical change in which energy, usually in the form of heat is released into the surrounding

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22
Q

Endothermic Change

A

A chemical change in which energy is absorbed from the surrounding - making cold.

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23
Q

Solution

A

A homogeneous mixture of dissolved substances that contains a solute and a solvent

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24
Q

Aqueous Solution

A

A solution in which water is the solvent.

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25
Q

Solute

A

A substance in a solution whose bonds are broken by a solvent, a substance that dissolves

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26
Q

Solvent

A

A substance in a solution that breaks down the bonds of a solute, a substance that does the dissolving and is in greater proportion in the mixture

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27
Q

Polar Molecule

A

A molecule with a partial positive charge at one end and a partial negative charge at the other end.

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28
Q

Dissosiation

A

The separation of an ionic compound into individual ions in a solution.

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29
Q

Electrolyte

A

A solute that forms a solution that conducts electricity.

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30
Q

Non-Electrolyte

A

A solute in a solution that does not conduct an electric current.

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31
Q

Concentration

A

The ratio of the quantity of solute to the quantity of solution.

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32
Q

Concentrated Solution

A

A solution containing a high ratio of a solute to a solution.

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33
Q

Dilute Solution

A

A solution containing a low ratio of solute to solution.

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34
Q

Quantitative Property of a Solution

A

A basic attribute of a solution you can observe with one or more of the five senses (Colour, taste, odor, transparency and colour intensity)

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35
Q

Collision-reaction Theory

A

A theory stating that chemical reactions involve the collision and rearrangement of particles.

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36
Q

Acid

A

A substance that produces hydrogen ions when dissolved in water to form a conducting aqueous solution.

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37
Q

Mole

A

A specific amount of a substance that consists 6.0022 x 10^23 particles.

38
Q

Molar Concentration

A

The amount of solute, in moles, per liter of solution.

39
Q

Molar Mass

A

The mass of 1 mol of a substance.

40
Q

Standard Solution

A

A solution having a precisely known concentration

41
Q

Ore

A

A rock that contains a useful metal in a sufficient concentration that makes it economical to mine.

42
Q

Oxidation

A

A chemical process involving the loss of electrons.

43
Q

Reduction

A

A chemical process involving a gain of electrons

44
Q

Single Replacement Reaction

A

A reaction in which a new element reacts with a compound to produce a new element and a new compound.

45
Q

Spectator

A

An atom or poly-atomic ion that does not change in a chemical reaction.

46
Q

Redox Reaction

A

Is a reduction-oxidation reaction.

47
Q

Corrosion

A

The oxidation of a metal.

48
Q

Spontaneous Reaction

A

A chemical reaction that occurs without the addition of external energy.

49
Q

Non-Spontaneous Reaction

A

A chemical reaction that does not occur without the addition of external energy.

50
Q

Reducing Agent

A

A substance that makes the reduction process possible by losing electrons (+).

51
Q

Oxidizing Agent

A

A substance that makes the oxidation process possible by gaining electrons (-).

52
Q

Voltaic Cell

A

A device that spontaneously produces electricity to redox reactions.

53
Q

Battery

A

A set of voltaic cells joined to produce an electric current.

54
Q

Electrode

A

A solid electrical conductor in a cell that connects a cell to an external circuit.

55
Q

Anode

A

The electrode in a cell where the oxidation (loss of electrons +) half reaction occurs. (no for negative)

56
Q

Cathode

A

The electrode in a cell where the reduction (gain of electrons -) half reaction occurs.

57
Q

Cell Notation

A

A concise description of a voltaic cell

58
Q

Electrolytic Cell

A

A chemical system in which a non spontaneous oxidation and reduction reacts are made to occur by the application of electrical energy.

59
Q

Electroplating

A

The process of depositing a metal at the cathode of an electrolytic cell.

60
Q

Electrolysis

A

The decomposition of a substance by means of an electric current.

61
Q

Carbon based compound

A

A compound primarily made up of carbon atoms.

62
Q

Organic Chemistry

A

The study of compounds composed of carbon.

63
Q

Alkane

A

A hydrocarbon that contains only carbon - carbon single bonds; C (n) H (2 n+2). Ane= Single Bond

64
Q

Continuous chain alkane

A

An alkane consisting of one simple chain of carbon atoms.

65
Q

Suffix

A

The second syllable in the name of an organic molecule that indicate the family of the organic molecule.

66
Q

Complete structural diagram

A

A diagram of a molecule that uses a short line to show the bonds that exist due to the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms.

67
Q

Condensed structural diagram

A

A diagram of a molecule that uses a short line to show carbon- carbon bonds but uses the chemical formula for carbon- hydrogen bonds. (CH3-CH2-CH3)

68
Q

Prefix

A

The first syllable in the name of an organic molecule that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.

69
Q

Line Structural Diagram

A

A diagram of a molecule that only uses a short line to show the bonds between carbon atoms.

70
Q

Branched alkane

A

Is an alkane consisting of a long chain with smaller carbon branches attached to it.

71
Q

Alkyl Group

A

A branch of a larger molecule consisting of an alkane with one hydrogen removed.

72
Q

Saturated Hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms.

73
Q

Alkyne

A

A hydrocarbon that has at least one carbon-carbon triple bond; CnH2n-2. yne= triple bond.

74
Q

Alkene

A

A hydrocarbon that has at least one carbon-carbon double bond; CnH2n. ene= double bond

75
Q

Essential Fatty Acid

A

A fatty acid that the body cannot synthesize itself and must obtain from food.

76
Q

Polyunsaturated Fat

A

A fat molecule that includes fatty acids having more than one double bond.

77
Q

Monounsaturated Fat

A

A fat molecule that includes fatty acids having only one double bond.

78
Q

Fatty Acid

A

An organic molecule consisting of a long chain of carbons with a COOH group at one end and a methyl group at the other end.

79
Q

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons.

A

A hydrocarbon containing double or triple covalent bonds between carbon atoms.

80
Q

Hydrogenation

A

A reaction that converts, carbon -carbon double and triple bonds in unsaturated compounds into carbon-carbon single bonds of saturated compounds.

81
Q

Industrially Produced Trans Fatty Acid

A

A synthetic molecule that has the hydrogen atoms on either side of the double bond, resulting in a straight carbon chain.

82
Q

Industrially Produced Trans Fat

A

A fat molecule produced by partial hydrogenation that contains at least one trans fatty acid chain.

83
Q

Dietary Cholesterol

A

A substance found in food from animal sources.

84
Q

Petroleum

A

Liquid hydrocarbons formed over millions of years from the remains of ancient microscopic marine organisms.

85
Q

Fraction

A

A group of compounds found in petroleum with similar properties and uses.

86
Q

Refining

A

An industrial process that separates, purifies and alters raw materials.

87
Q

Cracking

A

A reaction in which hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller molecules by means of heat (thermal cracking) or catalysts (catalytic cracking).

88
Q

Fractional Distillation

A

A process used for the separation of a liquid mixture by vaporizing it and collecting the different components of the mixture as they cool down and condense at their appropriate boiling points.

89
Q

Petrochemical

A

A chemical made from petroleum.

90
Q

Combustion

A

A rapid reaction with oxygen that produces energy and oxides.

91
Q

Polymerization

A

A reaction where many short hydrocarbon molecules join together to form very long hydrocarbon chains.

92
Q

Polymer

A

A large hydrocarbon molecule formed by a polymerization.

Science 20 (4 decks)

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