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Bio 20 > Unit A > Flashcards

Unit A Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transferred

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2
Q

What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

A

As energy transfers, it loses thermal energy to surroundings

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3
Q

What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?

A

Autotrophs produce their own food while heterotrophs consume the food made by autotrophs

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4
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

“Self feeders” produce energy from nutrients and energy (producers)

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5
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

“Other feeders” primary consumers that consume organic molecules from other organisms (consumers)

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of autotrophs?

A
  1. Photosynthetic: Use light energy to synthesize sugars from CO2
  2. Chemosynthetic: Use energy releases by chemical reactions to make sugars
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7
Q

What are the 3 types of heterotrophs?

A
  1. Herbivore (primary consumer, plants)
  2. Omnivore (secondary consumer, plants and animals)
  3. Carnivore (secondary or tertiary consumer, animals)
  4. Decomposer (not on any trophic level, break down dead or decaying matter)
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8
Q

What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?

A

Food chains describe the specific order that energy goes in, food webs describe the energy and the complexity of an ecosystem

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9
Q

How much energy is transferred across each trophic level? Where does the rest go?

A

10%. The rest of the energy is either lost through thermal energy, incomplete digestion, and/or not all matter being consumed

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10
Q

What is an energy pyramid?

A

Measures the amount of energy at each trophic level. Bottom is always the largest for this one.

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11
Q

What is a number pyramid?

A

Measure the number of organisms at each trophic level.

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12
Q

What is a biomass pyramid?

A

Measures the amount of biomass of the organisms at each trophic level.

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13
Q

What is the biosphere?

A

Area where living things are found

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14
Q

What are the 3 parts of the biosphere?

A
  • Atmosphere
  • Lithosphere
  • Hydrosphere
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15
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

of different species in an ecosystem

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16
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

Has both biotic and abiotic factors

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17
Q

What is the Carbon Cycle? (Closely related to the oxygen cycle due to photosynthesis and cellular respiration being complementary processes)

A

CO2 in the atmosphere gets used in photosynthesis, organisms breathe in O2 made by plants and either return carbon into the air through cellular respiration or die which causes carbon to be compacted over geological time to be burned as fossil fuels, putting CO2 back into the atmosphere

18
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

2 process in which atmospheric or dissolved nitrogen is converted into nitrate ions

19
Q

What is denitrification?

A

Nitrogen gets put back into the atmosphere.
Nitrates -> nitrites -> nitrogen gas

20
Q

What is the nitrogen cycle?

A

Nitrogen from the atmosphere (N2) is fixed into nitrate ions which is absorbed by plants and animals and can either be decomposed back into ammonia and ammonium or go through denitrification into the atmosphere.

21
Q

What can help the nitrogen cycle?

A

Lightning causes nitrogen and oxygen to combine which is good for the soil

22
Q

What is the phosphorus cycle?

A

Phosphate in rocks and fossils get weathered and dissolved into inorganic phosphate which is consumed by plants and animals and gets decomposed. Animal wastes, bones, and teeth form ocean sediments along with runoff from dissolved inorganic phosphate and returns through geological uplift.

23
Q

Where does the phosphorus cycle occur?

A

In the lithosphere and hydrosphere, NOT the atmosphere

24
Q

What is geological uplift?

A

An increase in the vertical elevation of the Earth’s surface in response to natural causes.

25
Q

What is the water cycle?

A

Evaporation/transpiration -> condensation -> precipitation -> infiltration/runoff

26
Q

What does storage mean in the water cycle?

A

Bodies of water, atmospheric vapour, ice & snow, etc.

27
Q

What are 3 examples of man’s effect on the ecosystem?

A
  1. Greenhouse effect (traps heat in atmosphere)
  2. Global warming (air pollutants throw off balanced equilibrium)
  3. Acid deposition (acid rain)
  4. Ozone depletion (UV rays get into the atmosphere)
  5. Monoculture (low species diversity causes rapid death, destruction of habitat and other important plants)
  6. Pesticide (bioaccumulation)
  7. Use of fertilizers (eutrophication)
  8. Deforestation (less O2 and loss of habitat)
28
Q

What is biomagnification?

A

Concentration of pollutants increasing from link to link in food chain

29
Q

What is bioaccumulation?

A

Concentration of pollutant in tissues of organism

30
Q

Where does energy originate from on Earth?

A

The sun. Not all areas on Earth get the same amounts of energy due to inclination of the Earth’s poles

31
Q

What is a closed system?

A

Only energy can transfer, not matter

32
Q

What is an open system?

A

Both energy and matter can transfer

33
Q

What is an isolated system?

A

Neither energy nor matter can transfer

34
Q

What is extinction?

A

No longer in existence, gone from whole planet

35
Q

What is endangerment?

A

Close to extinction in all or significantly large areas

36
Q

What is extirpation?

A

No longer exists in one part of the country

37
Q

What does it mean to be threatened?

A

Likely to become endangered due to factors

38
Q

What does special concern mean?

A

At risk because of low or declining numbers in areas of its range

39
Q

What is an indicator species?

A

Sensitive to small changes in environmental changes

40
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

Has a large, important effect on the environment relative to its abundance

41
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

Any system with constant change in which the components can adjust to the changes without disturbing the entire system

Bio 20 (2 decks)

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