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Psych 2275 > Unit 9 Psychopharmacology and Psychopathology > Flashcards

Unit 9 Psychopharmacology and Psychopathology Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What is mechanism of action

A

It is the molecular mechanism through which a drug acts

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2
Q

What is agonist

A

A substance that enhances the function of a synapse

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3
Q

What is antagonist

A

A substance that blocks or diminishes the function of a synapse

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4
Q

What is competitive antagonist

A

A substance that bind to the same site as the endogenous ligand

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5
Q

What is non-competitive antagonist

A

A substance that bind to an alternate site and prevents the receptor from activating

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6
Q

What is endogenous

A

It means produced inside the body

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7
Q

What is exogenous

A

It arises from outside the body

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8
Q

What is the concept of drug bioavailability

A

the amount of a drug or other substance that is available to the target tissue after administration

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9
Q

What is drug absorption

A

the journey of the drug into the bloodstream

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10
Q

What is drug distribution

A

the journey of the drug from the bloodstream to the target tissue

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11
Q

What it is drug biotransformation

A

Drug metabolism

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12
Q

What is impacted by the routes of administration of a drug

A

The speed and efficiency of effects

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13
Q

What is tolerance

A

drug treatments with a particular drug results in decreasing effects

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14
Q

What is metabolic tolerance

A

the body becomes more effective at clearing the drug

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15
Q

What is functional tolerance

A

decreased response to a drug

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16
Q

What are the various ways that a drug can impact synaptic transmission

A

It either increases or decreases the number of receptors that are present

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17
Q

What are the models of addiction

A

Moral model
Disease model
Physical dependence model
Positive reward model

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18
Q

What is the reward pathway

A

The ventral tegmental area releases dopamine neurons

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19
Q

What is the source of cocaine

A

Alkaloid from cocoa plant

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20
Q

What are the sources of nicotine

A

Alkaloid from the Tobacco plant

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21
Q

What is a sedative

A

drugs that diminish brain activity. For therapy and recreation

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22
Q

What are the sources of Benzodiazepines

A

Synthetic (Lab made)

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23
Q

What is the sources of alcohol

A

Fermentation or distillation

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24
Q

What are the effects of alcohol

A

Reduced anxiety, Drowsiness, Lightheadedness, Memory problems, Slurred speech, Muscle weakness, Dizziness, Rewarding and reinforcing

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25
What is the sources of opioids
Both natural and synthetic
26
What are the common symptoms of depression
Depressed mood occurring most of the day, disinterest, Changes in body weight, Changes in sleep patterns, low energy, Agitation, Feelings of worthlessness and guilt, Difficulty thinking, thoughts of suicide
27
What are the biological risk factors associated with depression
heritability of depression is between 40-50% Females are also more likely to have depression
28
What is the link between the hippocampus and depression
Decreased hippocampal volume is associated with depression
29
What are common treatments used for depression
Pharmacological treatments ElectroConvulsive shock Therapy (ECT) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
30
What is the monoamine hypotheses of depression
It proposes that depression results from low levels of monoamines. MAOIs and SSRIs act to elevate monoamine levels.
31
What is a receptor antagonist
A drug that can bind to a receptor but does not activate it is
32
What is a receptor agonist
A drug that can bind to a receptor and activate it
33
What is an endogenous ligand
A neurotransmitter receptor
34
What are the effects of cocaine
Confidence, energy, alertness, euphoria, low appetite, cognitive function, high heart rate, high blood pressure, high respiration
35
What are the effects of nicotine
Confidence, energy, alertness, euphoria, low appetite, cognitive function, high heart rate, high blood pressure, high respiration
36
What are the risks with cocaine
Dependence, Hypertension, Stroke, Heart Attack, Pulmonary dysfunction
37
What is the mechanism of action with cocaine
Blocks DA and NE reuptake which increases their availability to active receptors
38
How is cocaine administered
Inhalation
39
How is nicotine administered
Inhalation, mucus of the mouth
40
What are the risks of nicotine
Dependence, Hypertension, Stroke, Heart Attack, Pulmonary, dysfunction, Cancer
41
What is nicotines mechanism of action
nAChR agonist
42
What is an Anxiolytics
drugs that diminish the experience of anxiety
43
What is the GABAA receptor
is an iontropic GABA receptor that allows the influx of Cl- when activated.
44
What does activation of GABAA lead too
An IPSP and diminished activity in the post synaptic cell
45
What are the effects of benzodiazepines
Relaxation, Reduced anxiety, Drowsiness, Lightheadedness, Memory problems, Slurred speech, Muscle weakness, Dizziness, Rewarding and reinforcing
46
What is the Route of administration of benzodiazepines
oral
47
What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines
GABAA receptor agonist
48
What are the risks of benzodiazepines
Dependence, Respiratory depression, overdose particularly with polydrug use, Injury
49
What are the route of administration of alcohol
Oral
50
What is the mechanism of action of alcohol
GABAA receptor agonist, Non-competitive glutamate receptor antagonist (NMDA), Increases DA signalling
51
What are the risks of alcohol
Dependence, Cancer, Cardiovascular disease, Injury
52
What is the mechanism of action of opioids
Opioid is a receptor agonists and it binds to Endogenous ligands to release endorphins
53
What are the effects of opioids
Alleviate pain, Euphoria, relaxation, constipation, Suppress cough reflex, Suppress breathing and heart rate, Pupil contraction
54
What are the routes of administration of opioids
Oral, inhalation, Injection
55
What are the risks of opioids
Dependence, Respiratory suppression, death
56
What is a psychedelic drug
Drugs that induce a reality altering experience consisting of hallucinations, sensory distortions, or delusions
57
What is the source of psychedelic drugs
Psilocybin (mushrooms), Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
58
What are the effects of psychedelic drugs
Pseudo-hallucinations are most common – particularly visual distortions, Synesthesia, Distorted sense of time, Feeling ‘at one’ with the world around you, Disinhibition, Sometimes anxiety, panic and general sense of menace
59
What is the route of administration of psychedelic drugs
Oral
60
What are the mechanisms of action of psychedelic drugs
Most psychedelics are 5-HT2A receptor agonists
61
What are the risks of psychedelic drugs
Persistent perceptual disorders, Flashbacks, Injury
62
What is the source of THC
is a cannabinoid produced by the cannabis plant
63
What is the effects of THC
Relaxation, Improved mood, Increased appetite, Reduced pain
64
What is the route of administration of THC
Oral, inhalation
65
What is the mechanism of action for THC
Cannabinoid receptor agonist
66
What are the risks of THC
Dependence, Psychosis, Pulmonary dysfunction
67
What is a Cannabinoid (CB) receptor
Exists throughout the body and brain. It is important for regulating cognitive processes, mood, hunger, immune function
68
What is an Anandamide
an endogenous ligand (Neurotransmitter) for the CB receptors.
69
What is the The neuroplasticity model
suggests that it results from impaired neuroplasticity, particularly in the hippocampus. Chronic stress can diminish the plasticity and health of the hippocampus
70
What is Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)
Involves passing a current through the brain that is strong enough to elicit a seizure Only for treatment resistant depression
71
What is Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
CBT aims to direct changes in behavior, thought exercises, and changes in physical activity
72
What are Pharmacological treatments for depression
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Psych 2275 (7 decks)

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