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Psych 2275 > Unit 9 Psychopharmacology and Psychopathology > Flashcards

Unit 9 Psychopharmacology and Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is mechanism of action

A

It is the molecular mechanism through which a drug acts

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2
Q

What is agonist

A

A substance that enhances the function of a synapse

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3
Q

What is antagonist

A

A substance that blocks or diminishes the function of a synapse

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4
Q

What is competitive antagonist

A

A substance that bind to the same site as the endogenous ligand

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5
Q

What is non-competitive antagonist

A

A substance that bind to an alternate site and prevents the receptor from activating

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6
Q

What is endogenous

A

It means produced inside the body

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7
Q

What is exogenous

A

It arises from outside the body

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8
Q

What is the concept of drug bioavailability

A

the amount of a drug or other substance that is available to the target tissue after administration

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9
Q

What is drug absorption

A

the journey of the drug into the bloodstream

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10
Q

What is drug distribution

A

the journey of the drug from the bloodstream to the target tissue

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11
Q

What it is drug biotransformation

A

Drug metabolism

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12
Q

What is impacted by the routes of administration of a drug

A

The speed and efficiency of effects

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13
Q

What is tolerance

A

drug treatments with a particular drug results in decreasing effects

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14
Q

What is metabolic tolerance

A

the body becomes more effective at clearing the drug

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15
Q

What is functional tolerance

A

decreased response to a drug

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16
Q

What are the various ways that a drug can impact synaptic transmission

A

It either increases or decreases the number of receptors that are present

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17
Q

What are the models of addiction

A

Moral model
Disease model
Physical dependence model
Positive reward model

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18
Q

What is the reward pathway

A

The ventral tegmental area releases dopamine neurons

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19
Q

What is the source of cocaine

A

Alkaloid from cocoa plant

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20
Q

What are the sources of nicotine

A

Alkaloid from the Tobacco plant

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21
Q

What is a sedative

A

drugs that diminish brain activity. For therapy and recreation

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22
Q

What are the sources of Benzodiazepines

A

Synthetic (Lab made)

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23
Q

What is the sources of alcohol

A

Fermentation or distillation

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24
Q

What are the effects of alcohol

A

Reduced anxiety, Drowsiness, Lightheadedness, Memory problems, Slurred speech, Muscle weakness, Dizziness, Rewarding and reinforcing

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25
Q

What is the sources of opioids

A

Both natural and synthetic

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26
Q

What are the common symptoms of depression

A

Depressed mood occurring most of the day, disinterest, Changes in body weight, Changes in sleep patterns, low energy, Agitation, Feelings of worthlessness and guilt, Difficulty thinking, thoughts of suicide

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27
Q

What are the biological risk factors associated with depression

A

heritability of depression is between 40-50%

Females are also more likely to have depression

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28
Q

What is the link between the hippocampus and depression

A

Decreased hippocampal volume is associated with depression

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29
Q

What are common treatments used for depression

A

Pharmacological treatments

ElectroConvulsive shock Therapy (ECT)

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

30
Q

What is the monoamine hypotheses of depression

A

It proposes that depression results from low levels of monoamines. MAOIs and SSRIs act to elevate monoamine levels.

31
Q

What is a receptor antagonist

A

A drug that can bind to a receptor but does not activate it is

32
Q

What is a receptor agonist

A

A drug that can bind to a receptor and activate it

33
Q

What is an endogenous ligand

A

A neurotransmitter receptor

34
Q

What are the effects of cocaine

A

Confidence, energy, alertness, euphoria, low appetite, cognitive function, high heart rate, high blood pressure, high respiration

35
Q

What are the effects of nicotine

A

Confidence, energy, alertness, euphoria, low appetite, cognitive function, high heart rate, high blood pressure, high respiration

36
Q

What are the risks with cocaine

A

Dependence, Hypertension, Stroke, Heart Attack, Pulmonary dysfunction

37
Q

What is the mechanism of action with cocaine

A

Blocks DA and NE reuptake which increases their availability to active receptors

38
Q

How is cocaine administered

A

Inhalation

39
Q

How is nicotine administered

A

Inhalation, mucus of the mouth

40
Q

What are the risks of nicotine

A

Dependence, Hypertension, Stroke, Heart Attack, Pulmonary, dysfunction, Cancer

41
Q

What is nicotines mechanism of action

A

nAChR agonist

42
Q

What is an Anxiolytics

A

drugs that diminish the experience of anxiety

43
Q

What is the GABAA receptor

A

is an iontropic GABA receptor that allows the influx of Cl- when activated.

44
Q

What does activation of GABAA lead too

A

An IPSP and diminished activity in the post synaptic cell

45
Q

What are the effects of benzodiazepines

A

Relaxation, Reduced anxiety, Drowsiness, Lightheadedness, Memory problems, Slurred speech, Muscle weakness, Dizziness, Rewarding and reinforcing

46
Q

What is the Route of administration of benzodiazepines

A

oral

47
Q

What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines

A

GABAA receptor agonist

48
Q

What are the risks of benzodiazepines

A

Dependence, Respiratory depression, overdose particularly with polydrug use, Injury

49
Q

What are the route of administration of alcohol

A

Oral

50
Q

What is the mechanism of action of alcohol

A

GABAA receptor agonist, Non-competitive glutamate receptor antagonist (NMDA), Increases DA signalling

51
Q

What are the risks of alcohol

A

Dependence, Cancer, Cardiovascular disease, Injury

52
Q

What is the mechanism of action of opioids

A

Opioid is a receptor agonists and it binds to Endogenous ligands to release endorphins

53
Q

What are the effects of opioids

A

Alleviate pain, Euphoria, relaxation, constipation, Suppress cough reflex, Suppress breathing and heart rate, Pupil contraction

54
Q

What are the routes of administration of opioids

A

Oral, inhalation, Injection

55
Q

What are the risks of opioids

A

Dependence, Respiratory suppression, death

56
Q

What is a psychedelic drug

A

Drugs that induce a reality altering experience consisting of hallucinations, sensory distortions, or delusions

57
Q

What is the source of psychedelic drugs

A

Psilocybin (mushrooms), Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

58
Q

What are the effects of psychedelic drugs

A

Pseudo-hallucinations are most common – particularly visual distortions, Synesthesia, Distorted sense of time, Feeling ‘at one’ with the world around you, Disinhibition, Sometimes anxiety, panic and general sense of menace

59
Q

What is the route of administration of psychedelic drugs

A

Oral

60
Q

What are the mechanisms of action of psychedelic drugs

A

Most psychedelics are 5-HT2A receptor agonists

61
Q

What are the risks of psychedelic drugs

A

Persistent perceptual disorders, Flashbacks, Injury

62
Q

What is the source of THC

A

is a cannabinoid produced by the cannabis plant

63
Q

What is the effects of THC

A

Relaxation, Improved mood, Increased appetite, Reduced pain

64
Q

What is the route of administration of THC

A

Oral, inhalation

65
Q

What is the mechanism of action for THC

A

Cannabinoid receptor agonist

66
Q

What are the risks of THC

A

Dependence, Psychosis, Pulmonary dysfunction

67
Q

What is a Cannabinoid (CB) receptor

A

Exists throughout the body and brain. It is important for regulating cognitive processes, mood, hunger, immune function

68
Q

What is an Anandamide

A

an endogenous ligand (Neurotransmitter) for the CB receptors.

69
Q

What is the The neuroplasticity model

A

suggests that it results from impaired neuroplasticity, particularly in the hippocampus. Chronic stress can diminish the plasticity and health of the hippocampus

70
Q

What is Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

A

Involves passing a current through the brain that is strong enough to elicit a seizure
Only for treatment resistant depression

71
Q

What is Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

A

CBT aims to direct changes in behavior, thought exercises,
and changes in physical activity

72
Q

What are Pharmacological treatments for depression

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Psych 2275 (7 decks)

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