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Medicine Unit 9 UoS > unit 9 Air pollution and iatrogenic disease > Flashcards

unit 9 Air pollution and iatrogenic disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is air pollution?

A

Mixture of particulate matter:
- PM10
-PM2.5
-PM0.1
and gases:
- SO2
- NOx
- CO
- NH3
- VOCs
- O3

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2
Q

What are the varying health impacts of size of particulate matters?

A

PM10-2.5 do not reach alveoli - trap in mucus, cleared by cilia
PM2.5-0.1 greater hazard - reach thin respiratory membrane, larger surface area for adsorbtion

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3
Q

What are the biggest contributors to PM2.5?

A

Small combustion (residential heating

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4
Q

What are the biggest contributors to NOx?

A

Road transport
Power stations

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5
Q

What are the biggest contributors to SO2?

A

Power stations
Small combustion (residential heating)
Construction and manufacturing industry

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6
Q

What are the biggest contributors to ammonia?

A

Agriculture

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7
Q

What are the biggest contributors to VOCs?

A

Industrial processes

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8
Q

What effect on health does which air pollution have?

A

Headache and anxiety
Impact on CNS
Irritation, inflammation and infections
Asthma and reduced lung capacity
COPD
Lung cancer
Irritation of ENT
CVDs
Impacts on liver, spleen blood
Impacts on repro system

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9
Q

How many deaths is man-made air pollution responsible for?

A

28,000-36,000 deaths

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10
Q

Who are most at risk to air pollution?

A

Older people 65+
Children
Communities with poorer air quality
CVD or respiratory disease patients

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11
Q

What affect can air pollution have throughout life?

A

Low birth weight
Children:
-Asthma, slower development of lung function, development problem, wheezing and coughs, atherosclerosis
Adults:
- Asthma, CHD, stroke, lung cancer, COPD, diabetes
Elderly:
- Asthma, accelerated decline lung function, lung cancer, dementia, diabetes, heart attack/failure/stroke

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12
Q

What measures can be taken to clear air pollution?

A

Planning
Development management
Clear air zones
Reducing emissions from public transport
Smooth driving and speed reduction
Walking/cycling
Awareness rising

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13
Q

What measures can patients take to reduce effect of air pollution?

A

Car: windows closed, internal air circulation
Avoid peak traffic time
Walk the furthest from the road
More time around less busy roads
Excercising: good for cardio and resp health
Indoor air pollution: ventilation, low emission stoves, close windows

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14
Q

What is iatrogenic disease?

A

Condition or disease that has resulted from treatment and/or actions of health care professionals

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15
Q

What is the prevalance and severity of iatrogenic disease?

A

8-12% hospital admissions due to effects of medical treatment
1/3 of these result in moderate-severe disability or death

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16
Q

How common is misdiagnosis (US)?

A

10-20% cases

17
Q

What are the effects of chemotherapy/radiotherapy?

A

Hair loss
Intestinal disturbances
Aplastic anaemia
Diabetes insipudus
Infertility

18
Q

What can neutropenia be caused by?

A

Chemotherapy
Bone marrow disorders
Sepsis
TB
Autoimmune diseases
Hepatitis

19
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

Decreased concentration of neutrophils in the blood
Neutrophils = WBCs

20
Q

What are the symptoms of neutropenia?

A

Fever
Mucositis of gastrointestinal tract
Abdominal pain

21
Q

What is a common complication of chemotherapy?

A

Febrile neutropenia (FN)
Neutropenic fever
Short term morbidity and mortality
Long term increased risk of infection
High incidence in lymphoma patients

22
Q

How long is the average stay in hospital due to neutropenia?

A

11.5 days

23
Q

What are the types of errors that lead to iatrogenic disease?

A

Errors in diagnosis
Improper performance
Failure to supervise/monitor
Failure t orecognise a complication of treatment
Medication errors

24
Q

Where can diagnostic problems come from and result in?

A

Absence of and indication of disease, pre-symptomatic disease -> aggressive screening/overly aggressive pursuit of diagnostic tests -> overdiagnosis
Symptomatic disease -> delayed presentation, process errors, diagnostic testing more harmful, incorrect/delayed diagnosis

25
Q

What surgical errors can be made?

A

Wrong surgery site
Wrong implant/prothesis
Foreign objects
Damaging blood vessels, nerves
Anaesthetic errors
Failure to obtain consent
Poor technique
Poor communication within team

26
Q

What errors can occur due to medications?

A

Prescription:
wrong drug, omission, wrong frequency/time, forgot to discontinue, contraindications, wrong dose, inetrcations
Administration:
same as above
wrong route/rate/preparation, unordered drug, wrong technique

Medicine Unit 9 UoS (11 decks)

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