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APES > Unit 9 > Flashcards

Unit 9 Flashcards

1
Q

UV-C and UV-B may cause:

A

tissue damage, mutated DNA and cataracts

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2
Q

How does ozone absorb UV-B and UV-C radiation?

A

UV-C breaks O2 into two free oxygen atoms.
These oxygen atoms then combine with O2 to form Ozone (O3).
The continued formation and break down of O3 absorbs all UV-B and UV-C radiation.

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3
Q

What is the primary anthropogenic cause of O3 breakdown?

A

CFCs

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4
Q

Montreal Protocol

A

phases out and replaces CFCs with HCFCs

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5
Q

HCFCs

A

deplete O3, but to a lesser extent.
Still act as a green house gas

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6
Q

HFC

A

No ozone depletion
still acts as a green house gas

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7
Q

HFOs

A

No ozone depletion
do not act as a green house gas

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8
Q

What percent of solar radiation is reflected back into space by clouds and atmosphere

A

26%

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9
Q

What percent of solar radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds

A

19%

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10
Q

Darker surfaces __________ infrared radiation

A

release

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11
Q

How to Green House Gases heat the atmosphere

A

these gases trap heat from the sun and radiate it back to earth
*we need some green house gasses otherwise earth would be too cold

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12
Q

What releases methane into the atmosphere?

A

natural gas combustion and extraction, animal agriculture, anaerobic decomposition, permafrost thaw.

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13
Q

What releases Nitrous Oxide into the atmosphere?

A

denitrification of nitrates from overwatered or overfertilized soil

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14
Q

GWP

A

measure of how much a given molecule of gas can contribute to atmospheric warming over a 100-year period, relative to CO2.

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15
Q

How does climate change cause sea level rise?

A

thermal expansion, melting polar/glacial ice

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16
Q

What environmental impact does rising sea level have?

A

rising sea level causing flooding of costal ecosystems like estuaries.
rising sea levels can also disrupt the freeze-thaw cycle of glaciers, depriving surrounding ecosystems of fresh water

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17
Q

What are some economic impacts of rising sea level?

A

Destroyed property/flooding.
higher insurance cost
saltwater intrusion into wells, contaminating drinking water

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18
Q

How does climate change impact the spread of disease?

A

Climate change can increase the range of certain disease vectors, such as mosquitos, which increases the spread of disease (zika, west Nile, etc.)

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19
Q

vWhy has earth’s climate varied over geological time?

A

Earths obliquity (tilt) and Eccentricity (orbit) have followed Milankovitch Cycles. Which created predictable patterns in earths long term climate

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20
Q

How can scientists estimate earths temperature in the past?

A

-Foraminifera: using crustation shells to determine the temperature because different species of crustation have narrow temperature tolerance ranges
-Air bubbles in ice cores: identifying the concentration of CO2 in air bubbles
-measuring oxygen isotope concentration in ancient ice

21
Q

Why is the loss of barrier islands due to sea level rise a concern?

A

barrier islands act as a buffer against wind, waves, and large storms.

22
Q

How does climate change impact atmospheric currents?

A

Weakening and Widening of the Hadley Cell: and temperature differences between the equator and poles decrease, the hadley cell gets larger and less powerful

23
Q

How does the weakening and widening of the Hadley cell effect biome distribution?

A

it pushes deserts towards the polls and expands the tropics.

24
Q

How does sea level rise negatively affect marine ecosystems?

A

Increasing the depth of certain areas of ocean, causing them to receive less sunlight and sustain less plant life

25
Q

How does global warming interfere with thermal Haline circulation?

A

global warming causes ice to melt and form freshwater build up in the North Atlantic. This slows the gulf streams and causes cooler waters in Europe.

26
Q

How does air pollution effect global albedo?

A

air pollution adds soot to the atmosphere, which is then distributed to the poles, causing ice to be darker in color. This darker ice absorbs more head, decreasing albedo.

27
Q

True or False: Heat that is absorbed into the ocean be transferred back into the atmosphere for decades.

A

True

28
Q

What effects do warming oceans have on marine species?

A

Migratory Routes and Breeding seasons can be altered because reproductive timing is often linked to temperature change
Habitat Loss: coral bleaching occurs as oceans warm & oceans may become to deep for coral as sea levels rise.
Toxic Algal Blooms: toxic blue-green algae prefer warmer waters. So as waters warm, these algae can grow and release toxins. killing marine organisms

29
Q

Coral and Algae have what type of relationship?

A

Mutualistic: algae supply sugar to coral and coral supply CO2 and nutrients to algae

30
Q

Increased CO2 in the atmosphere leads to:

A

Lower ocean pH

31
Q

What materials do marine organisms use to build their shells

A

calcium and carbonate

32
Q

How does ocean acidification hinder the production of shells?

A

carbonic acid increases the concentration of H+ ions which bond with the carbonate ions necessary for shell construction.
This leads to fewer carbonate ions being available for shell construction

33
Q

Ocean pH has decreased from ______ to _____ in the past 150 years.

A

8.2-8.1

34
Q

Invasive species generally have what 2 characteristics?

A

r-selected, generalist

35
Q

How did Zebra Mussels become invasive and why are they an issue?

A

-Transported by ship ballast water
-Zebra mussels are aggressive filter feeders, so they eat the algae that many other species rely on

36
Q

How did kudzu vines become invasives and why are they an issue?

A

-planed in the American south to prevent erosion
-they grow very rapidly and outcompete native plants for sunlight

37
Q

How did Asian carp become invasive and why are they an issue?

A

-Asian Carp were brought in to control algae growth in aquatic farms, but escaped into the Mississippi river
-they outcompeted native species for food

38
Q

How did Emerald Ash Borers become invasive and why are they an issue?

A

-Spread by wood packing materials and firewood
-Larve eat their way into trees and disrupt tree nutrient transport
*Can be killed by Chinese wasps

39
Q

How did the Cane Toad become invasive and why are they an issue?

A

-introduced to eat cane beatless on sugarcane crops in Australia
-had a big appetite, so they outcompeted other amphibians

40
Q

How did Pythons become invasive and why are they an issue?

A

-brought to Florida as pets then released
-decimate mammal populations due to aggressive hunting

41
Q

CITES

A

an international agreement allowing countries to set up agencies to monitor import and export of endangered species.

42
Q

Endangered Species Act

A

US law giving USFWS power to designate species as endangered, monitor trade, and purchase land to preserve.

43
Q

What type of animals are most vulnerable to climate change?

A

amphibians: they have a biphasic life (rely on both water and land) and have highly permeable skin

44
Q

What type of tree is especially threatened by global warming?

A

Conifers: the range of pests is expanding, so they have become increasingly threatened by disease.

45
Q

What are the HIPPCO threats to biodiversity?

A

Habitat Fragmentation
Invasive species
Population growth (human)
Pollution
Climate Change
Over exploitation

46
Q

Metapopulations

A

subpopulations connected by habitat corridors to allow more gene flow

47
Q

Edge Habitats

A

where two ecosystems meet
-biodiversity is higher in edge habitats due to diversity of food, shelter, and nutrients

48
Q

Domestication of species for agriculture _________ genetic diversity and species biodiversity.

A

decreases because of selective breeding and genetic modification.

APES (3 decks)

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