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2022-23 > unit 9 > Flashcards

unit 9 Flashcards

1
Q

social psychology

A

scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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2
Q

attribution theory

A

the theory that we can explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

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3
Q

fundamental attribution theory

A

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behaviors, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the person’s disposition.

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4
Q

attitudes

A

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events

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5
Q

peripheral route of persuasion

A

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as the speaker’s attractiveness

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6
Q

central route of persuasion

A

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

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7
Q

foot in the door phenomenon

A

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later to a larger request.

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8
Q

role

A

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

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9
Q

philip zimbardo

A

created a toxic situation; assigned guard and prisoner roles to random people

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10
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent; when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

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11
Q

norms

A

understood rules for accepted and expected behavior; describe ‘proper’ behavior

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12
Q

conformity

A

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

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13
Q

solomon asch

A

devised a simple test to study conformity; found out that people were willing to ‘call white black’ by going with the group

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14
Q

normative social influence

A

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval; agreeing in order to fit in.

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15
Q

informational social influence

A

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality; genuianly thinking you’re wrong.

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16
Q

prejudice

A

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

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17
Q

stereotype

A

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

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18
Q

discrimination

A

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

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19
Q

just-world phenomenon

A

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

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20
Q

ingroup

A

“us”––people with whom we share a common identity

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21
Q

outgroup

A

“them”––those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

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22
Q

ingroup bias

A

the tendency to favor our own group

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23
Q

scapegoat theory

A

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

24
Q

other-race effect

A

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than the faces of other races. aka the cross race effect and own race bias.

25
Q

aggression

A

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

26
Q

frustration-aggression principle

A

the principle that frustration––the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal––creates anger, which can generate aggression (if something feels unfair)

27
Q

social script

A

a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

28
Q

biological influences

A
  • genetic influences
  • biochemical influences (testosterone and alcohol)
  • neural influences (severe head injury)
29
Q

psychological influences

A
  • dominating behavior
  • believing that alcohol has been ingested (regardless if it has or hasn’t)
  • frustration
  • aggressive role models
  • rewards for aggressive behaviors
  • low self control
30
Q

social-cultural influences

A
  • deindividuation (loss of self awareness or self restraint)
  • challenging environment factors (heat, crowding, direct provocations)
  • parental models of aggression
  • minimal father involvement
  • rejection from a group
  • exposure to violent media
31
Q

mere exposure effect

A

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to things makes you like them better

32
Q

passionate love

A

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship

33
Q

companionate love

A

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

34
Q

equity

A

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they to it

35
Q

altruism

A

unselfish regard for the welfare of others (doing something without expecting anything in return for it)

36
Q

bystander effect

A

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

37
Q

social exchange theory

A

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

38
Q

reciprocity norm

A

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

39
Q

social responsibility norm

A

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

40
Q

conflict

A

an perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

41
Q

social trap

A

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

42
Q

mirror-image perceptions

A

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself

42
Q

self fulfilling prophecy

A

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

42
Q

superordinate goals

A

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

42
Q

GRIT

A

graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction–a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.

42
Q

personality psychologists

A

focus on the person, study the personal traits and dynamics that explain why, in a given situation, different people act differently.

43
Q

door in the face phenomenon

A

larger requests precedes smaller requests.

44
Q

outgroup homogeneity

A

uniformity of outgroup attitudes, personality and appearance

45
Q

prosocial behavior

A

behavior that intends to help or benefit someone

46
Q

proximity

A

geographical nearness

47
Q

physical attractiveness

A
  • attractiveness influences first impression for both sexes
  • people’s attractiveness is unrelated to their happiness and self esteem
  • strikingly attractive people are sometimes suspicious that praise for their work may simply be a reaction to their looks
  • for people who were friends before lovers, looks matter less
  • those we like we find attractive
48
Q

similarity

A
  • the more alike people are, the more their liking endures
  • similarity breeds content
  • we like those who like us
49
Q

reward theory of attraction

A

we will like those whose behavior is rewarding to us, including those who are both able and willing to help us achieve our goals

50
Q

oxytocin

A

supporting feelings of trust, calmness and bonding with the mate, usually remains

51
Q

self disclosure

A

the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others.

52
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

if there are a lot of people around, they are less likely to help because they think the others will.

53
Q

odds of helping are highest when

A
  • the person appears to need and deserve help
  • similar to us
  • it’s a woman
  • we have just observed someone else being helpful
  • we aren’t in a hurry
  • we are in a small town/rural area
  • we are feeling guilty
  • focused on others and not preoccupied
  • we are in a good mood

2022-23 (3 decks)

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