unit 8a

Question 1

behavior

Answer 1

action carried out by muscles under control of nervous system

Question 2

proximate causation

Answer 2

how a behavior occurs/is modified

Question 3

ultimate causation

Answer 3

why a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection

Question 4

fixed action pattern

Answer 4

sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to an external cue called sign stimulus

Question 5

cross-fostering study

Answer 5

places young from one species in care of adults from another species in similar environment. behavior changes in offspring provides measure of influence of environment on behavior

Question 6

associative learning

Answer 6

animals associate one feature of environment with another

Question 7

classical conditioning

Answer 7

type of associative learning in which an arbitrary stimulus is associated with a reward/punishment

Question 8

operant conditioning

Answer 8

type of associative learning in which a behavior is associated with a reward/punishment

Question 9

altruism

Answer 9

behaviors that reduce actor’s fitness but increase fitness of other individuals

Question 10

inclusive fitness

Answer 10

accounts for affect of both one’s own offspring and aid given to enable close relatives to produce offspring

Question 11

kin selection

Answer 11

favors altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relatives

Question 12

regulator

Answer 12

animal that uses internal control mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation

Question 13

conformer

Answer 13

allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes

Question 14

negative feedback

Answer 14

control mechanism that “damps” a stimulus

Question 15

positive feedback

Answer 15

amplifies a stimulus and doesn’t play a major role in homeostasis

Question 16

acclimatization

Answer 16

change in an animal’s physiology as it adjusts to changes in its external environment

Question 17

thermoregulation

Answer 17

process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a normal range

Question 17

integumentary system

Answer 17

skin, hair, and nails

Question 18

circulatory adaptations

Answer 18

vasodilation - blood flow in skin increases, facilitating heat loss
vasoconstriction - blood flow in skin decreases, lowering heat loss

Question 19

countercurrent exchange

Answer 19

transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions thereby reduce heat loss

Question 20

thermogenesis

Answer 20

adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temp

Question 21

basal metabolic rate

Answer 21

metabolic rate of endotherm at rest, with empty stomach, and not experiencing stress

Question 22

standard metabolic rate

Answer 22

metabolic rate of fasting, non-stressed ectotherm at rest at specific temp

Question 23

semelparity

Answer 23

individuals undergo a “one-shot” pattern of big-bang reproduction

Question 24

iteroparity

Answer 24

individuals undergo repeated reproductive events throughout their lifetime

Question 25

k-selection

Answer 25

selection for life traits advantageous when density is high (near K), resources low, competition is strong

Question 26

r-selection

Answer 26

selection for life traits that maximize reproductive success when density is low and there's little competition for resources