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Geography M3E2 - EMGE > Unit 8.5: Human Rights > Flashcards

Unit 8.5: Human Rights Flashcards

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1
Q

Crimes against Humanity

A

Intentionally committed acts that form part of a widespread, systematic and repeated attack against a civilian population

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2
Q

ICC

A

International Criminal Court: prosecutes serious international crimes (eg: war crimes, crimes against humanity, war crimes)

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3
Q

Extra Info CaH

A

Both state and non-state actors can commit them

Murder, Extermination, Enslavement and Sexual Violence can all constitute CaH if widespread/systematic and against a civilian population

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4
Q

Genocide

A

The intentional destruction of a national, ethnic, racial or religious group

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5
Q

NERR

A

National, Ethnic, Racial, Religious

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6
Q

Conditions for it to be considered Genocide

A

1) Committed against a ‘protected group’ (NERR group recognised internationally)

2) Specific Intent (hard to prove)

3)Destruction in whole or in part

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7
Q

Examples Genocide

A

Rwanda, Holocaust, Akayesu & Kristic

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8
Q

Genocide vs CaH

A

G: targets people for NERR reasons (targeted for being not doing)

CaH: attacks on a civilian population bc of their presence in the targeted population (in the way so to say)

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9
Q

Human Rights

A

Rights to which people are entitled by virtue of being human (universal)

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10
Q

Natural Rights

A

Thought to be God-given, fundamental to humans and therefore inalienable

First ‘human rights’ (dates back to Greeks / Romans

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11
Q

Rights of man

A

Defined a sphere of autonomy that belongs to the citizen (Constrains government power)

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12
Q

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A

1948

Established modern HR by outlining a comprehensive code for the internal governments of its states

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13
Q

What led to the establishment of the UDHR?

A

WW2 & Holocaust

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14
Q

Importance of the UDHR

A

Applied to everyone equally despite NERR and more

Inspires & Guides HR legislation

Supported decolonisation

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15
Q

1st type of HR

A

Liberty

Civil Rights (Freedom discrimination, slavery, torture, etc.)
Political Rights (freedom speech, religion, press, etc.)

Can only be upheld through legislation / enforcement => relies on people that can be corrupt

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16
Q

2nd type of HR

A

Equality

Economic & Social Rights (right to work, access to healthcare & food & housing)

Maintenance requiers significant ressources
“Aspiration rather than entitlements”
Whose duty is it to uphold them?

17
Q

3rd type of HR

A

Fraternity

Cultural Rights (rights that applied to groups / societies)

Vague wording
HR based off of individuality, weakened by grouping

18
Q

1st Stage of Genocide

A

Classification:
- division into groups (us vs them mentality)
-> eg: Hutus and Tutsi in Rwanda

19
Q

2nd Stage of Genocide

A

Symbolisation:
- Give names to classification

20
Q

3rd Stage of Genocide

A

Discrimination:
- dominant group uses laws/customs/political power to deny the rights of the other group

21
Q

4th Stage of Genocide

A

Dehumanisation:
- One group denies humanity of the other
- Hate propaganda vilifies other group

22
Q

5th Stage of Genocide

A

Organisation:
- special army units / militias trained & armed
- plans made for genocidal killings

23
Q

6th Stage of Genocide

A

Polarisation:
- Groups driven apart by extremists & propaganda

24
Q

7th Stage of Genocide

A

Preperation:
- Victims identified
- Death lists drawn up

25
Q

8th Stage of Genocide

A

Persecution:
- Victims isolated
- Property expropriated (if government in charge of genocide)

26
Q

9th Stage of Genocide

A

Extermination:
- killings

= not called murders/etc bc other group no longer considered human

27
Q

10th Stage of Genocide

A

Denial:
- Denial crimes committed
- Blame victims

28
Q

10 Stages of Genocide

A

Classification, Symbolisation, Discrimination, Dehumanisation, Organisation, Polarisation, Preperation, Persecution, Extertermination, Denial

(CSDDDPPPED)

29
Q

Relativism

A

Belief that ideas/values are relative depending on the social/cultural/historical context

30
Q

Universal Rights

A

Rights that are the same for all people, even if it contradicts local practices and beliefs

31
Q

Main Criticism UDHR

A

Failed to recognise relativity and cultural variances among countries

32
Q

Arguments for Relativism

A

1) Circumstances vary so widely from society to society, that it requires relativity. What is right for one society may not be right for another

2) Universal rights = form of cultural imperialism

33
Q

Asian reservations about HR

A

Asian values reflect a distinctive history, culture and religious background

Asian values place a greater emphasis on economic and social rights rather than on “western” civic and political rights

34
Q

Islamic reservations about HR

A

Violates important Islamic principles (eg: apostasy = abandonment of one’s religion)

Rights are derived from the divine and not human authority and human principles are invalid if they contradict what is outlined by the divine

See UHR as a cultural expression of the dominance of the West that they are trying to exerce over the Middle East

35
Q

Main criticism HR

A

Idea that it lacks sympathy/is hostile with religion & threatens traditional values and social cohesion

Geography M3E2 - EMGE (2 decks)

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