Unit 8- Vocabulary Flashcards
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
compound that stores and releases energy
heterotroph
organism that consumes other organisms for food
autotroph
organism that makes its own food
photosynthesis
conversion of sun into energy
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
ATP molecule with only 2 phosphates
adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
ATP molecule with only 1 phosphate
ATP synthase
process of Chemiosmosis where ATP is recharged
Phosphorylation
process where the production of ATP using energy derived from the transfer of electrons in an electron transport system
Chemiosmosis
the process of moving ions (e.g. protons) to the other side of a biological membrane
photosynthesis
conversion of sun into energy
pigment
light absorbing molecule
chlorophyll
principal pigment in plants
thylakoid
each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana.
grana
the stacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of a chloroplast.
stroma
the matrix of a chloroplast, in which the grana are embedded.
stomata
tiny openings present on the epidermis of leaves
guard cells
Guard cells are specialized plant cells in the epidermis of leaves, stems and other organs that are used to control gas exchange
light dependent reactions
happen in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts and occur in the presence of sunlight.
photosystems II and I
Photosystem I and photosystem II are the two multi-protein complexes that contain the pigments necessary to harvest photons and use light energy to catalyse the primary photosynthetic endergonic reactions producing high energy compounds.
electron transport chain (ETC)
a collection of proteins bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane and organic molecules, which electrons pass through in a series of redox reactions, and release energy.
light independent reactions
use stored chemical energy from the light-dependent reactions to “fix” CO2 and create a product that can be converted into glucose.
Calvin Cycle
the term used for the reactions of photosynthesis that use the energy stored by the light-dependent reactions to form glucose and other carbohydrate molecules
cellular respiration
a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP,
aerobic
requires oxygen
anaerobic
does not require oxygen
glycolysis
breakdown of glucose
Kreb’s cycle
the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP.
mitochondria matrix
the mitochondrion internal spaces enclosed by the inner membrane.
fermentation
the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.
lactic acid fermentation
a type of anaerobic respiration (or fermentation) that breaks down sugars to produce energy in the form of ATP.
alcoholic fermenation
a biological process by which sugar is converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
oxygen debt
a temporary physiological process that occurs after performing strenuous exercise.
